Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. (s)keud- 'to shoot, throw'
Semantic Field(s): to Throw
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | scēata | n.masc | corner, angle; sheet (line), lower corner of sail | W7 |
scēotan, scēat, scuton, scoten | vb.str | to shoot | ASD/GED | |
scīte, scȳte, scēte | n.fem | sheet | ASD/W7 | |
scot | n.neut | shot, shooting | W7 | |
scutel, scytel | n.masc | dart, arrow, missile | W7 | |
scyte | n.masc | shooting | W7 | |
scytel, scyttel | n.masc | bar, bolt | W7 | |
scyttan | vb.wk | to shut, cause rapid movement | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | scot | n | scot | W7 |
shete | n | sheet | W7 | |
sheten | vb | to shoot | W7 | |
shittle | n | shuttle | W7 | |
shot | n | shot | W7 | |
shouten | vb | to shout | W7 | |
shuten | vb | to shoot | W7 | |
shutten | vb | to shut | W7 | |
wainscot | n | wainscot | W7 | |
English: | schuss | n | straight high-speed ski run | AHD/W7 |
scot | n | money assessed/paid | AHD/W7 | |
scout | vb | to mock, make fun of | AHD/W7 | |
sheet | n | (broad) piece of cloth | AHD/W7 | |
sheet | n | line, rope/chain controlling sail | AHD/W7 | |
shoot, shot | vb.str | to let fly, cause (missile) to fly | AHD/W7 | |
shoot | n | new (plant) growth | AHD/W7 | |
shot | n | act/result of shooting | AHD/W7 | |
shout | vb | to utter sudden loud cry | AHD/W7 | |
shut, shut | vb | to close door/opening | AHD/W7 | |
shuttle | n | device to pass/shoot thread of woof between threads of warp | AHD/W7 | |
slingshot | n | Y-shaped stick with elastic strap for flinging small stones | AHD | |
wainscot | n | fine grade of oak for woodwork | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | sciāta, skiata | vb | to shoot | ASD/GED |
scot | n | missile; tribute, contribution | ASD | |
sket | n | shooting | ASD | |
sketta | vb | to stop, close | ASD | |
Middle Dutch: | wagenschot | n | wainscot | W7 |
Dutch: | schieten | vb | to shoot | LRC |
Old Saxon: | sciotan | vb | to shoot | GED |
Old High German: | scōzo | n.masc | lap, bosom | ASD |
scozo | n.neut | missile | ASD | |
scuz | n.str.masc | speed; sudden blow | W7 | |
skiozzan, sciozan | vb.str | to shoot | ASD/GED | |
Middle High German: | schoz | n | tax, tribute | ASD |
German: | schiessen | vb | to shoot | LRC |
Schuss | n.masc | shot | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | skjóta | vb | to shoot, throw | LRC |
skot | n | shot; contribution | W7 | |
skutill | n | bolt | W7 | |
skūti | vb | to taunt | W7 | |
Old Icelandic: | skjōta | vb | to shoot | GED |
Icelandic: | skauti | n | sheet, kerchief | ASD |
skjóta | n | to shoot; pay; push quickly | ASD | |
skot | n.neut | shot, shooting; missile; contribution | ASD | |
Danish: | skyde | vb | to shoot | LRC |
Swedish: | skjuta | vb | to shoot | LRC |
skott | n | shot | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Crimean Gothic: | *schieten, schietē | vb | to shoot (an arrow) | CGo/GED |
Italic | ||||
French: | chute | n.fem | fall | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | skudrùs | adj | quick | GED |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | is-kydati | vb | to throw out | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | códati | vb | to incite | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |