Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: skot- 'shade, shadow, darkness'
Semantic Field(s): Shade, Shadow, Darkness
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sceadu | n.fem | shade, shadow | ASD |
| Middle English: | shade | n | shadde; shade | W7 |
| shadwe | n | shadow | W7 | |
| English: | scotia | n | concave molding | AHD/W7 |
| scotoma | n | blind/dark spot in visual field | AHD/W7 | |
| scotophil | adj | growing/functioning best in darkness | AHD | |
| scotophobia | n | nyctophobia: fear of night/darkness | AHD | |
| shadde | n | shed | AHD/W7 | |
| shade | n | comparative darkness/obscurity | AHD/W7 | |
| shadow | n | shade within defined bounds | AHD/W7 | |
| Shadowfax | prop.n | Gandalf's silver-gray horse in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Shadowmere | prop.n | reflecting lake in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| shed | n | slight structure for shelter/storage | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | schaduw | n | shadow | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | skado | n | shadow | ASD |
| Old High German: | scato | n | shadow | ASD |
| German: | Schatten | n | shadow | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | skadus | n | shadow | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Medieval Latin: | scotoma, scotomatis | n.fem | dimness of vision | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | σκότιος | adv | in secret, in the dark | LRC |
| σκότος | n.masc | gloom, darkness | LRC | |
| Greek: | σκοτία | n.fem | darkness | LRC |
| σκότιος | adj | dark, shadowy | LRC | |
| skotoun | vb | to darken | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
