Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: smē-, smeī-, sm-ei- 'to rub, smear'
Semantic Field(s): to Rub
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | smītan, smāt, smiton, smiten | vb.str | to smite | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | immaculat | adj | immaculate | W7 |
| maculaten | vb | to maculate | W7 | |
| maille | n | W7 | ||
| smiten | vb | to smite | W7 | |
| tramayle | n | trammel | W7 | |
| English: | chylomicron | n | emulsified fat formed during digestion | AHD |
| immaculate | adj | pure, having no stain/blemish | AHD/W7 | |
| mackle | n | blur/double impression on printed sheet | AHD/W7 | |
| macle | n | twin crystal | AHD/W7 | |
| macula | n | spot, blotch, macule | AHD/W7 | |
| maculate | vb.trans | to spot, speckle | AHD/W7 | |
| macule | n | patch of skin changed in color | AHD/W7 | |
| n | armor made from metal links/plates | AHD/W7 | ||
| maillot | n | tights for dancers/gymnasts | AHD/W7 | |
| maquette | n | small preliminary model | AHD/W7 | |
| maquis | n | thick scrubby Mediterranean underbrush | AHD/W7 | |
| mica | n | colored/transparent silicate mineral | AHD/W7 | |
| micr(o)- | pfx | small, tiny, minute | AHD | |
| microfiche | n | card/sheet of microfilm | AHD | |
| microfilm | n | photographic record of reduced-size image(s) | W7 | |
| micron | n | unit of length: millionth of meter | AHD/W7 | |
| omicron | n | 15th letter of Greek alphabet | AHD | |
| smite, smote, smitten | vb.str | to strike sharply/heavily | AHD/W7 | |
| trammel | n | net for catching birds/fish | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | bismīzan | vb | to defile | W7 |
| masca | n | mesh | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | smár | adj | small, little | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | immaculatus | adj | pure, immaculate | W7 |
| macula, maculae | n.fem | stain, spot | LRC | |
| maculatus | vb.ptc | stained, spotted, dirty | W7 | |
| maculō, maculāre | vb | to stain, dirty | W7 | |
| mica | n.fem | grain, crumb | W7 | |
| mitto, mittere | vb | to send, let go | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | tremaculum | n.neut | net | W7 |
| New Latin: | micron | n.neut | micron: unit of length | W7 |
| Middle French: | maille | n.fem | W7 | |
| tremail | n.masc | net | W7 | |
| French: | macle | n.masc | one lozenge surrounding another (heraldic paintings) | R1/W7 |
| macule | n.fem | stain, spot | W7 | |
| maculé | adj | stained, spotted | W7 | |
| maillot | n | maillot | W7 | |
| maquette | n | maquette | W7 | |
| maquis | n | maquis | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | (σ)μῑκρός | adj | small, little | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| R1 | = | Josette Rey-Debove and Alain Rey, eds. Le Nouveau Petit Robert (1993) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |