Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. (s)mei-, smeu- 'to smile'
Semantic Field(s): to Laugh, Smile
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sme(a)rcian | vb.wk | to smirk, smile | ASD/W7 |
| smerian | vb | to laugh | W7 | |
| Middle English: | mervel | n | marvel | W7 |
| miracle | n | miracle | W7 | |
| mirour | n | mirror | W7 | |
| smilen | vb | to smile | W7 | |
| smirken | vb | to smirk | W7 | |
| English: | admire | vb.trans | to marvel at | AHD/W7 |
| comity | n | courteous code of behavior | AHD/W7 | |
| marvel | n | something causing wonder/astonishment | AHD/W7 | |
| miracle | n | extraordinary event manifesting God's supernatural work | AHD/W7 | |
| mirage | n | optical reflection from heated air near ground | AHD/W7 | |
| mirror | n | smooth/polished substance (e.g. glass) that reflects images | AHD/W7 | |
| Mirrormere | prop.n | glassy lake in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| smile | vb | to show pleasure/amusement via facial expression | AHD/W7 | |
| smirk | vb.intrans | to simper, smile in affected manner | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | cosmis | adj | courteous | W7 |
| Latin: | admiror, admirari | vb | to admire | W7 |
| comis | adj | courteous | W7 | |
| comitas, comitatis | n.fem | courtesy, friendliness | W7 | |
| mirabilia | n.neut.pl | marvels | W7 | |
| mirabilis | adj | wonderful | W7 | |
| miraculum | n.neut | marvel | W7 | |
| mīror, mīrārī | vb.dep | to wonder | W7 | |
| Old French: | amirer | vb | to admire | AHD |
| merveille | n.fem | marvel | W7 | |
| miracle | n.masc | miracle | W7 | |
| mirer | vb | to look at oneself | W7 | |
| mirour | n.masc | mirror | W7 | |
| Middle French: | admirer | vb | to admire | W7 |
| French: | admirer | vb | to admire | AHD |
| mirage | n.masc | mirage | W7 | |
| mirer | vb | to see in a mirror | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | smieties, smejos, smējos | vb | to laugh | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | smayate | vb | to smile | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
