Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: smeit-, smit- 'to throw'
Semantic Field(s): to Throw
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | hlāfmæsse, hlāfmesse | n.fem | Lammas, lit. loaf-mass | ASD/W7 |
mæsse, messe | n.fem | mass | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | admitten | vb | to admit | W7 |
Christemasse | prop.n | Christmas | W7 | |
committen | vb | to commit | W7 | |
compromise | n | compromise | W7 | |
Lammasse | prop.n | Lammas | W7 | |
martinmasse | n | Martinmas | W7 | |
mass(e) | n | mass | W7 | |
mes | n | mess | W7 | |
message | n | message | W7 | |
mychelmesse | n | Michaelmas | W7 | |
omitten | vb | to omit | W7 | |
premisse | n | premise | W7 | |
promis | n | promise | W7 | |
remitten | vb | to remit | W7 | |
submitten | vb | to submit | W7 | |
surmisen | vb | to surmise, accuse | W7 | |
transmitten | vb | to transmit | W7 | |
English: | admit | vb | to permit, allow scope for | AHD/W7 |
Christmas | prop.n | December 25, lit. Christ mass | AHD/W7 | |
commit | vb | to entrust, put into charge/trust | AHD/W7 | |
compromise | n | process/result of settlement by consent/arbitration | AHD/W7 | |
demit | vb | to dismiss | AHD/W7 | |
dismiss | vb.trans | to cause/permit to leave | AHD/W7 | |
emit | vb.trans | to give/throw off/out (e.g. light) | AHD/W7 | |
intermit | vb | to discontinue, cause to cease (at intervals) | AHD/W7 | |
intromit | vb.trans | to insert, send/put in | AHD/W7 | |
Lammas | prop.n | mass on August 1 | AHD/W7 | |
Martinmas | prop.n | November 11, lit. Martin's mass | AHD/W7 | |
mass | n | sequence of prayers/ceremonies forming eucharistic office | AHD/W7 | |
mess | n | quantity of food | AHD/W7 | |
message | n | communication in speech/writing/signals | AHD/W7 | |
Michaelmas | prop.n | archangel Michael's mass (September 29) | LRC | |
missile | adj | able to be thrown/projected to strike distant target | AHD/W7 | |
mission | n | act/instance of sending | AHD/W7 | |
missive | n | letter, written message | AHD | |
omit | vb.trans | to leave out/unmentioned | AHD/W7 | |
permit | vb | to consent to expressly/formally | AHD/W7 | |
premise | n | proposition antecedently supposed/proved as basis of argument/inference | AHD/W7 | |
pretermit | vb.trans | to omit, let pass without notice/mention | AHD/W7 | |
promise | n | declaration re: doing something | AHD/W7 | |
remit | vb | to release from guilt/penalty | AHD/W7 | |
submit | vb | to yield to authority/governance | AHD/W7 | |
surmise | vb.trans | to guess, infer/imagine on slight grounds | AHD/W7 | |
transmit | vb | to forward, send/transfer to another person/place | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old High German: | messa, missa | n | mass | ASD |
Middle High German: | messe | n | mass | ASD |
German: | Messe | n | mass | ASD |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | messa | n | mass | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | admitto, admittere | vb | to send, let loose | W7 |
committere | vb.ptc | to connect, entrust | W7 | |
compromissum | n.neut | mutual agreement | W7 | |
compromissus | vb.ptc | mutually agreed | W7 | |
compromitto, compromittere | vb | to promise mutually | W7 | |
dimissus | vb.ptc | sent forth/away | W7 | |
dimitto, dimittere | vb | to send forth/away | W7 | |
ēmittō, ēmittere, ēmīsī, ēmīssum | vb | to send out | LRC | |
intermitto, intermittere | vb | to intermit | W7 | |
intromitto, intromittere | vb | to send/allow in | W7 | |
missa | vb.ptc.fem | dismissed, sent away | W7 | |
missilis | adj | possible to throw | W7 | |
missio | n.fem | act of sending | W7 | |
missus | vb.ptc | sent away | W7 | |
mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum | vb | to send, give, let go | LRC | |
omitto, omittere | vb | to omit, forget | W7 | |
permitto, permittere | vb | to permit, let through | W7 | |
praemissus | vb.ptc | sent first/ahead | W7 | |
praemitto, praemittere | vb | to place ahead | W7 | |
praeter | adv/prep | beyond, past, by | W7 | |
praetermitto, praetermittere | vb | to omit, pass by | W7 | |
promissum | n.neut | promise | W7 | |
promissus | vb.ptc | promised | W7 | |
promitto, promittere | vb | to promise, send forth | W7 | |
remitto, remittere | vb | to send back | W7 | |
submitto, submittere | vb | to lower, submit | W7 | |
supermitto, supermittere | vb | to throw on | W7 | |
transmitto, transmittere | vb | to transmit | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | messa | n.fem | dismissal at end of religious service | W7 |
Late Latin: | missus | n.masc | course at meal | W7 |
missus | vb.ptc | sent | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | missaticum | n.neut | message | W7 |
New Latin: | missio, missionis | n.fem | religious mission | W7 |
Old French: | a(d)mettre | vb | to admit | AHD |
mes | n.masc | course at meal | W7 | |
message | n.masc | message | W7 | |
Middle French: | compromis | n.masc | compromise | W7 |
demettre | vb | to dismiss | W7 | |
prémisse | n.fem | assumption in argument | W7 | |
surmetre | vb | to surmise, throw on | W7 | |
surmis | vb.ptc | surmised, thrown on | W7 | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | mision | n.masc | mission | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prep | = | preposition |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |