Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: smeit-, smit- 'to throw'
Semantic Field(s): to Throw
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hlāfmæsse, hlāfmesse | n.fem | Lammas, lit. loaf-mass | ASD/W7 |
| mæsse, messe | n.fem | mass | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | admitten | vb | to admit | W7 |
| Christemasse | prop.n | Christmas | W7 | |
| committen | vb | to commit | W7 | |
| compromise | n | compromise | W7 | |
| Lammasse | prop.n | Lammas | W7 | |
| martinmasse | n | Martinmas | W7 | |
| mass(e) | n | mass | W7 | |
| mes | n | mess | W7 | |
| message | n | message | W7 | |
| mychelmesse | n | Michaelmas | W7 | |
| omitten | vb | to omit | W7 | |
| premisse | n | premise | W7 | |
| promis | n | promise | W7 | |
| remitten | vb | to remit | W7 | |
| submitten | vb | to submit | W7 | |
| surmisen | vb | to surmise, accuse | W7 | |
| transmitten | vb | to transmit | W7 | |
| English: | admit | vb | to permit, allow scope for | AHD/W7 |
| Christmas | prop.n | December 25, lit. Christ mass | AHD/W7 | |
| commit | vb | to entrust, put into charge/trust | AHD/W7 | |
| compromise | n | process/result of settlement by consent/arbitration | AHD/W7 | |
| demit | vb | to dismiss | AHD/W7 | |
| dismiss | vb.trans | to cause/permit to leave | AHD/W7 | |
| emit | vb.trans | to give/throw off/out (e.g. light) | AHD/W7 | |
| intermit | vb | to discontinue, cause to cease (at intervals) | AHD/W7 | |
| intromit | vb.trans | to insert, send/put in | AHD/W7 | |
| Lammas | prop.n | mass on August 1 | AHD/W7 | |
| Martinmas | prop.n | November 11, lit. Martin's mass | AHD/W7 | |
| mass | n | sequence of prayers/ceremonies forming eucharistic office | AHD/W7 | |
| mess | n | quantity of food | AHD/W7 | |
| message | n | communication in speech/writing/signals | AHD/W7 | |
| Michaelmas | prop.n | archangel Michael's mass (September 29) | LRC | |
| missile | adj | able to be thrown/projected to strike distant target | AHD/W7 | |
| mission | n | act/instance of sending | AHD/W7 | |
| missive | n | letter, written message | AHD | |
| omit | vb.trans | to leave out/unmentioned | AHD/W7 | |
| permit | vb | to consent to expressly/formally | AHD/W7 | |
| premise | n | proposition antecedently supposed/proved as basis of argument/inference | AHD/W7 | |
| pretermit | vb.trans | to omit, let pass without notice/mention | AHD/W7 | |
| promise | n | declaration re: doing something | AHD/W7 | |
| remit | vb | to release from guilt/penalty | AHD/W7 | |
| submit | vb | to yield to authority/governance | AHD/W7 | |
| surmise | vb.trans | to guess, infer/imagine on slight grounds | AHD/W7 | |
| transmit | vb | to forward, send/transfer to another person/place | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | messa, missa | n | mass | ASD |
| Middle High German: | messe | n | mass | ASD |
| German: | Messe | n | mass | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | messa | n | mass | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | admitto, admittere | vb | to send, let loose | W7 |
| committere | vb.ptc | to connect, entrust | W7 | |
| compromissum | n.neut | mutual agreement | W7 | |
| compromissus | vb.ptc | mutually agreed | W7 | |
| compromitto, compromittere | vb | to promise mutually | W7 | |
| dimissus | vb.ptc | sent forth/away | W7 | |
| dimitto, dimittere | vb | to send forth/away | W7 | |
| ēmittō, ēmittere, ēmīsī, ēmīssum | vb | to send out | LRC | |
| intermitto, intermittere | vb | to intermit | W7 | |
| intromitto, intromittere | vb | to send/allow in | W7 | |
| missa | vb.ptc.fem | dismissed, sent away | W7 | |
| missilis | adj | possible to throw | W7 | |
| missio | n.fem | act of sending | W7 | |
| missus | vb.ptc | sent away | W7 | |
| mittō, mittere, mīsī, missum | vb | to send, give, let go | LRC | |
| omitto, omittere | vb | to omit, forget | W7 | |
| permitto, permittere | vb | to permit, let through | W7 | |
| praemissus | vb.ptc | sent first/ahead | W7 | |
| praemitto, praemittere | vb | to place ahead | W7 | |
| praeter | adv/prep | beyond, past, by | W7 | |
| praetermitto, praetermittere | vb | to omit, pass by | W7 | |
| promissum | n.neut | promise | W7 | |
| promissus | vb.ptc | promised | W7 | |
| promitto, promittere | vb | to promise, send forth | W7 | |
| remitto, remittere | vb | to send back | W7 | |
| submitto, submittere | vb | to lower, submit | W7 | |
| supermitto, supermittere | vb | to throw on | W7 | |
| transmitto, transmittere | vb | to transmit | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | messa | n.fem | dismissal at end of religious service | W7 |
| Late Latin: | missus | n.masc | course at meal | W7 |
| missus | vb.ptc | sent | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | missaticum | n.neut | message | W7 |
| New Latin: | missio, missionis | n.fem | religious mission | W7 |
| Old French: | a(d)mettre | vb | to admit | AHD |
| mes | n.masc | course at meal | W7 | |
| message | n.masc | message | W7 | |
| Middle French: | compromis | n.masc | compromise | W7 |
| demettre | vb | to dismiss | W7 | |
| prémisse | n.fem | assumption in argument | W7 | |
| surmetre | vb | to surmise, throw on | W7 | |
| surmis | vb.ptc | surmised, thrown on | W7 | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | mision | n.masc | mission | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |