Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: (s)mer- 'to mourn, remember, think of, care for'
Semantic Field(s): to Remember, to Think, Reflect, Care (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | gemimor | vb.past.ptc | known | GED |
mām(o)rian | vb.wk | to think out, plan | GED | |
mimorian | vb | to remember | W7 | |
murnan | vb.wk | to mourn, sorrow for | ASD/GED | |
Middle English: | demeoren | vb | to linger | W7 |
demerit | n | demerit | W7 | |
memorable | adj | memorable | W7 | |
memorandum | n | memorandum | W7 | |
memorie | n | memory | W7 | |
merit | n | merit | W7 | |
mournen | vb | to mourn | W7 | |
remembren | vb | to remember | W7 | |
English: | allomerism | n | chemical without crystalline variability | AHD/W7 |
commemorate | vb.trans | to call to remembrance | AHD/W7 | |
demerit | n | offense | AHD/W7 | |
demur | vb.intrans | to interpose an objection | AHD/W7 | |
dimer | n | two identical molecules combined | AHD | |
emeritus | adj | holding (after retirement) same (honorary) title | AHD/W7 | |
isomer | n | one of several chemicals with same elements but different structure | AHD/W2I | |
memorable | adj | notable, worth remembering | AHD/W7 | |
memorandum | n | informal record | AHD/W7 | |
memory | n | power/process of recalling/reproducing what was learned | AHD/W7 | |
-mere | n.sfx | part, segment, partition | AHD/W7 | |
meretricious | adj | re: prostitute | AHD/W7 | |
meristem | n | formative plant cells capable of indefinite division | AHD/W7 | |
merit | n | reward/punishment due | AHD/W7 | |
merit | vb | to earn, deserve, be worthy of | W7 | |
-merous | adj.sfx | having as part(s) | AHD/W7 | |
Mimir | prop.n | primal deity renowned for knowledge/wisdom (Norse mythology) | LRC | |
monomer | n | simple unpolymerized chemical compound | AHD/W7 | |
mora | n | minimal unit of measure: duration of average short syllable | AHD/W7 | |
moratorium | n | authorized delay in performance of obligation | AHD/W7 | |
moratory | adj | re: delay in performance of obligation | AHD/W7 | |
mourn | vb | to feel/express grief/sorrow | AHD/W7 | |
polymer | n | chemical compound of repeating structural units | W7 | |
remember | vb | to bring to mind, think of again | AHD/W7 | |
remora | n | fish with suction disk on head | AHD/W7 | |
trimer | n | three identical molecules combined | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Saxon: | mornian | vb | to mourn, be sorrowful | GED |
mornon, mornōn | vb | to mourn, be sorrowful | ASD/GED | |
Old High German: | mornēn | vb.wk | to mourn, be sorrowful | GED |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | Mīmir | prop.n | Mimir: decapitated Norse god whose head recites secret knowledge to Odin | W7 |
Old Icelandic: | Mīmir | prop.n | Mimir | GED |
Icelandic: | morna | vb | to mourn | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *maurnan | vb.wk.III | to worry, concern oneself | GED |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | commemoratus | vb.ptc | reminded of | W7 |
commemoro, commemorāre | vb | to commemorate | W7 | |
demoror, demorāri | vb.dep | to stop, hinder, delay | CLD | |
emerior, emereri | vb | to serve out one's term | W7 | |
emeritus | vb.ptc | who has served | W7 | |
immemor, immemoris | adj | heedless | LRC | |
memini | vb.defc | remember | LRC | |
memor, memoris | adj | mindful (of), remembering | GED | |
memorabilis | adj | memorable | W7 | |
memorandus | ger | to be remembered | W7 | |
memoria, memoriae | n.fem | memory, remembrance, recollection | GED | |
memorō, memorāre, memorāvī, memorātus | vb | to tell, relate, mention | LRC | |
mereo, merēre | vb | to earn, serve, deserve | W7 | |
mereor, mereri | vb.dep | to serve with merit | W7 | |
meretricius | adj | of a prostitute | W7 | |
meretrix, meretricis | n.fem | prostitute | W7 | |
meritum | n.neut | merit | W7 | |
meritus | vb.ptc | merited | W7 | |
mora | n.fem | delay | W7 | |
moratus | vb.ptc | lingering | W7 | |
moror, morari | vb.dep | to delay, linger | W7 | |
remora | n.fem | delay | W7 | |
remoror, remorari | vb.dep | to delay | W7 | |
Late Latin: | memoror, memorāri | vb.dep | to be mindful of | W7 |
moratorium | n.neut | delay | W7 | |
moratorius | adj | dilatory | W7 | |
rememor, rememorāri | vb.dep | to remember | W7 | |
New Latin: | -merus | sfx | part, -merous | W7 |
moratorium | n.neut | legally authorized delay | W7 | |
morula | n.fem | brief delay | W7 | |
Old French: | demorer | vb | to linger | W7 |
merite | n.masc | merit | W7 | |
Middle French: | demerite | n.masc | demerit | W7 |
mémoire | n.fem | memory | W7 | |
mérite | n.masc | merit | W7 | |
remembrer | vb | to remember | W7 | |
French: | -mère | sfx | -mere | W7 |
moratoire | n.masc | moratory | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | merėti | vb | to concern oneself | GED |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | meritoj | vb | to merit | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | διαμερίζω | vb | to cleave | LRC |
μαρτυρέω | vb | to bear witness | LRC | |
μαρτυρία | n.fem | testimony | LRC | |
μάρτυρος | n.gen | of the witness | GED | |
μάρτυς | n | witness | GED | |
-merēs | sfx | of parts, partially | W7 | |
merizein | vb | to divide | W7 | |
μέριμνα | n.fem | care, anxious thought | LRC | |
meristos | adj | divided | W7 | |
μέρμερος | adj | causing much care, grief | GED | |
mermēra | n.fem | care | W7 | |
μέρος | n.neut | part | LRC | |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | mormok' | n | care, discontent | GED |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | mi-mara- | adj | mindful | GED |
(-š)mar- | vb | to notice, be mindful of | GED | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | smará- | n | remembrance | GED |
smárati | vb | to remember, long for | GED | |
smṛti- | n | recollection | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
III | = | class 3 |
adj | = | adjective |
defc | = | defective |
dep | = | deponent |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
gen | = | genitive (case) |
ger | = | gerund(ive) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
past | = | past (tense) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
sfx | = | suffix |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |