Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: snā-, snə-(t-), snāu-, sn-eu-, sn-et- 'to flow, swim; damp'
Semantic Field(s): to Flow, to Swim, Wet, Damp
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | snyflan | vb | to snivel | W7 |
Middle English: | nurishen | vb | to nourish | W7 |
nurse | n | nurse | W7 | |
nurture | n | nurture | W7 | |
snacchen | vb | to snap, seize | W7 | |
sniffen | vb | to sniff | W7 | |
snivelen | vb | to snivel | W7 | |
snubben | vb | to snub | W7 | |
snute | n | snout | W7 | |
English: | chersonese | n | peninsula | AHD/W7 |
naiad | n | water-nymph (Greek mythology) | AHD/W7 | |
natant | adj | swimming/floating in water | AHD/W7 | |
natation | n | act/art of swimming | AHD | |
natatorial | adj | re: swimming | AHD | |
natatorium | n | place for swimming | AHD/W7 | |
nekton | n | free-swimming aquatic animal | AHD/W7 | |
neuston | n | minute/microscopic organisms inhabiting water surface | AHD | |
nourish | vb.trans | to rear, nurture | AHD/W7 | |
nurse | n | woman who suckles infant not her own | AHD/W7 | |
nurse | vb | to nourish, suckle at breast | AHD/W7 | |
nurture | n | training, upbringing | AHD/W7 | |
nutrient | adj | furnishing nourishment | AHD/W7 | |
nutriment | n | something that nourishes/promotes growth | AHD/W7 | |
nutrition | n | nourishing, being nourished | AHD/W7 | |
nutritious | adj | nourishing | AHD/W7 | |
nutritive | adj | nutritious | AHD | |
schnauzer | n | (German breed of) rough-haired terrier | AHD/W7 | |
schnoz | n.sl | human nose | AHD | |
snap | n | abrupt closure, biting/snapping | W7 | |
snap | vb | to suddenly close jaws, seize sharply in mouth | AHD/W7 | |
snatch | vb | to seize suddenly | AHD/W7 | |
sniff | vb | to draw air audibly into nose | AHD/W7 | |
sniffle | vb.freq | to snuffle, sniff repeatedly | W7 | |
snip | n | bit, fragment, small snipped-off piece | AHD/W7 | |
snip | vb | to cut (off) with shears/scissors | AHD/W7 | |
snivel | vb.intrans | to snuffle, run at the nose | AHD/W7 | |
snoop | vb.intrans | to look/pry in sneaking/meddlesome manner | AHD/W7 | |
snot | n.vulg | phlegm, nasal mucus | AHD | |
snout | n | long projecting nose (e.g. of swine) | AHD/W7 | |
snub | vb.trans | to rebuke, check/stop with cutting retort | AHD/W7 | |
snuff | vb | to draw forcibly through/into nostrils | AHD/W7 | |
snuffle | vb | to sniff/snuff audibly/repeatedly | AHD/W7 | |
supernatant | adj | floating on water surface | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | snacken | vb | to snap at | W7 |
Dutch: | snappen | vb | to snap | W7 |
snoepen | vb | to buy/eat on the sly | W7 | |
snuffelen | vb | to snuffle | W7 | |
snuffen | vb | to sniff, snuff | W7 | |
Low German: | snappen | vb | to snap | W7 |
Middle High German: | snappen | vb | to snap | W7 |
German: | Nekton | n | nekton | W7 |
Schnappen | n.neut | snap | LRC | |
schnappen | vb | to snap, catch, snatch | LRC | |
Schnauze | n.fem | snout, muzzle | W7 | |
Schnauzer | n.neut | schnauzer | W7 | |
schnüffeln | vb | to snuffle | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | snubba | vb | to scold | W7 |
Icelandic: | sneypa | vb | to scold | W7 |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | chersonesus | n.masc | chersonese | W7 |
nāias, nāiadis | n.fem | naiad | W7 | |
natans, natantis | vb.ptc | swimming | W7 | |
natatus | vb.ptc | having swam | W7 | |
nato, natare | vb.freq | to swim | W7 | |
no, nāre | vb | to swim | W7 | |
nutricius | adj | nourishing | W7 | |
nutriens, nutrientis | vb.pres.ptc | nourishing | W7 | |
nutrimentum | n.neut | nutriment, nourishment | W7 | |
nūtrio, nūtrire | vb | to nourish, suckle | W7 | |
nutritus | vb.ptc | nourished, suckled | W7 | |
nūtrix, nūtrīcis | n.fem | nurse | W7 | |
supernatans, supernatantis | vb.pres.ptc | swimming over | W7 | |
supernato, supernatare | vb | to float | W7 | |
Late Latin: | natatorium | n.neut | place for swimming | W7 |
nutritio, nutritionis | n.fem | nutrition | W7 | |
nutritura | n.fem | act of nursing | W7 | |
Old French: | norrir | vb | to nourish, suckle | W7 |
nurice | n.fem | nurse | W7 | |
Middle French: | norriture | n.fem | food, nourishment | W7 |
nutrition | n.fem | nutrition | W7 | |
French: | naïade | n.fem | naiad | W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | νάω | vb | to flow | LS |
νέω | vb | to swim, float | LS | |
νῆσος | n.masc | island | LRC | |
νήχω | vb | to swim | LRC | |
νότιος | adj | wet, damp, moist | LRC | |
χέρσος | n | shore, dry land | LRC | |
Greek: | νᾱϊάς | n.fem | naiad: river-nymph | LS |
nēktos | adj | swimming | W7 | |
χερσό-νησος | n.fem | chersonese | LS |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pres | = | present (tense) |
ptc | = | participle |
sl | = | slang |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
vulg | = | vulgar |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |