Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: snā-, snə-(t-), snāu-, sn-eu-, sn-et- 'to flow, swim; damp'
Semantic Field(s): to Flow, to Swim, Wet, Damp
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | snyflan | vb | to snivel | W7 |
| Middle English: | nurishen | vb | to nourish | W7 |
| nurse | n | nurse | W7 | |
| nurture | n | nurture | W7 | |
| snacchen | vb | to snap, seize | W7 | |
| sniffen | vb | to sniff | W7 | |
| snivelen | vb | to snivel | W7 | |
| snubben | vb | to snub | W7 | |
| snute | n | snout | W7 | |
| English: | chersonese | n | peninsula | AHD/W7 |
| naiad | n | water-nymph (Greek mythology) | AHD/W7 | |
| natant | adj | swimming/floating in water | AHD/W7 | |
| natation | n | act/art of swimming | AHD | |
| natatorial | adj | re: swimming | AHD | |
| natatorium | n | place for swimming | AHD/W7 | |
| nekton | n | free-swimming aquatic animal | AHD/W7 | |
| neuston | n | minute/microscopic organisms inhabiting water surface | AHD | |
| nourish | vb.trans | to rear, nurture | AHD/W7 | |
| nurse | n | woman who suckles infant not her own | AHD/W7 | |
| nurse | vb | to nourish, suckle at breast | AHD/W7 | |
| nurture | n | training, upbringing | AHD/W7 | |
| nutrient | adj | furnishing nourishment | AHD/W7 | |
| nutriment | n | something that nourishes/promotes growth | AHD/W7 | |
| nutrition | n | nourishing, being nourished | AHD/W7 | |
| nutritious | adj | nourishing | AHD/W7 | |
| nutritive | adj | nutritious | AHD | |
| schnauzer | n | (German breed of) rough-haired terrier | AHD/W7 | |
| schnoz | n.sl | human nose | AHD | |
| snap | n | abrupt closure, biting/snapping | W7 | |
| snap | vb | to suddenly close jaws, seize sharply in mouth | AHD/W7 | |
| snatch | vb | to seize suddenly | AHD/W7 | |
| sniff | vb | to draw air audibly into nose | AHD/W7 | |
| sniffle | vb.freq | to snuffle, sniff repeatedly | W7 | |
| snip | n | bit, fragment, small snipped-off piece | AHD/W7 | |
| snip | vb | to cut (off) with shears/scissors | AHD/W7 | |
| snivel | vb.intrans | to snuffle, run at the nose | AHD/W7 | |
| snoop | vb.intrans | to look/pry in sneaking/meddlesome manner | AHD/W7 | |
| snot | n.vulg | phlegm, nasal mucus | AHD | |
| snout | n | long projecting nose (e.g. of swine) | AHD/W7 | |
| snub | vb.trans | to rebuke, check/stop with cutting retort | AHD/W7 | |
| snuff | vb | to draw forcibly through/into nostrils | AHD/W7 | |
| snuffle | vb | to sniff/snuff audibly/repeatedly | AHD/W7 | |
| supernatant | adj | floating on water surface | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | snacken | vb | to snap at | W7 |
| Dutch: | snappen | vb | to snap | W7 |
| snoepen | vb | to buy/eat on the sly | W7 | |
| snuffelen | vb | to snuffle | W7 | |
| snuffen | vb | to sniff, snuff | W7 | |
| Low German: | snappen | vb | to snap | W7 |
| Middle High German: | snappen | vb | to snap | W7 |
| German: | Nekton | n | nekton | W7 |
| Schnappen | n.neut | snap | LRC | |
| schnappen | vb | to snap, catch, snatch | LRC | |
| Schnauze | n.fem | snout, muzzle | W7 | |
| Schnauzer | n.neut | schnauzer | W7 | |
| schnüffeln | vb | to snuffle | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | snubba | vb | to scold | W7 |
| Icelandic: | sneypa | vb | to scold | W7 |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | chersonesus | n.masc | chersonese | W7 |
| nāias, nāiadis | n.fem | naiad | W7 | |
| natans, natantis | vb.ptc | swimming | W7 | |
| natatus | vb.ptc | having swam | W7 | |
| nato, natare | vb.freq | to swim | W7 | |
| no, nāre | vb | to swim | W7 | |
| nutricius | adj | nourishing | W7 | |
| nutriens, nutrientis | vb.pres.ptc | nourishing | W7 | |
| nutrimentum | n.neut | nutriment, nourishment | W7 | |
| nūtrio, nūtrire | vb | to nourish, suckle | W7 | |
| nutritus | vb.ptc | nourished, suckled | W7 | |
| nūtrix, nūtrīcis | n.fem | nurse | W7 | |
| supernatans, supernatantis | vb.pres.ptc | swimming over | W7 | |
| supernato, supernatare | vb | to float | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | natatorium | n.neut | place for swimming | W7 |
| nutritio, nutritionis | n.fem | nutrition | W7 | |
| nutritura | n.fem | act of nursing | W7 | |
| Old French: | norrir | vb | to nourish, suckle | W7 |
| nurice | n.fem | nurse | W7 | |
| Middle French: | norriture | n.fem | food, nourishment | W7 |
| nutrition | n.fem | nutrition | W7 | |
| French: | naïade | n.fem | naiad | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | νάω | vb | to flow | LS |
| νέω | vb | to swim, float | LS | |
| νῆσος | n.masc | island | LRC | |
| νήχω | vb | to swim | LRC | |
| νότιος | adj | wet, damp, moist | LRC | |
| χέρσος | n | shore, dry land | LRC | |
| Greek: | νᾱϊάς | n.fem | naiad: river-nymph | LS |
| nēktos | adj | swimming | W7 | |
| χερσό-νησος | n.fem | chersonese | LS | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sl | = | slang |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| vulg | = | vulgar |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |