Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: so(s), sā '(nom. sg. demonstrative stem: he, she)'
Semantic Field(s): Human Being
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | se, sēo, sīo | def/dem.art/pron | the, that; he, she | LRC |
| Middle English: | she | pron.3.sg.fem | she | W7 |
| English: | she | pron.3.sg.fem | that female one | AHD/W7 |
| Shelob | prop.n | spider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | ze | pron.3.pl.nom/acc | they, them [atonic form] | TLL |
| ze | pron.3.sg.fem.nom | she [atonic form] | TLL | |
| zij | pron.3.pl.nom/acc | they, them | TLL | |
| zij | pron.3.sg.fem.nom | she | TLL | |
| Old High German: | si, sī | pron.3.sg.fem | she | RPN |
| German: | Sie | pron.2.sg/pl.nom/acc | you (polite) | TLL |
| sie | pron.3.pl.nom/acc | they, them | TLL | |
| sie | pron.3.sg.fem.nom/acc | she, her | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | sá | dem.pron | that | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | sú | dem.pron.fem | that | RPN |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | sa | def/dem.art/pron | the, this, that; he, she, it | LRC |
| sō | dem.pron.fem | this, that, she | RPN | |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | sam | dem.pron.fem | her | RPN |
| sās | dem.pron.fem.pl | them | RPN | |
| sōs | dem.pron.masc.pl | them | RPN | |
| sum | dem.pron.masc | him | RPN | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | ai, ajo | pron | he, she; it, that | IEW |
| ky, kjo | dem.pron | this | IEW | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἡ | def/dem.art.fem | the, this, that | RPN |
| ὁ | def/dem.art.masc | the, this, that | LRC | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | ša | conn.pcl | this, that | RPN |
| -še | enc.dem.pron | this, that | RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | ha- | dem.stem | this, that | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | sá | dem.masc | this, that | RPN |
| sā, sī | dem.fem | this, that | RPN | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | sā(-) | dem.fem | this, that | RPN |
| se(-) | dem.masc | this, that | RPN | |
| Tocharian A: | sa- | dem.masc | this, that | RPN |
| sā- | dem.fem | this, that | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | = | 2nd person |
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| art | = | article/determiner |
| conn | = | connective |
| def | = | definite |
| dem | = | demonstrative |
| enc | = | enclitic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nom | = | nominative (case) |
| pcl | = | particle |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| prop | = | proper |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| stem | = | stem |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
