Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: solo-, sol(e)u̯o- 'whole, well-kept, salubrious'
Semantic Field(s): Whole
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Middle English: | sage | n | sage | W7 |
saluten | vb | to salute | W7 | |
sauf | prep | save | W7 | |
saven | vb | to save | W7 | |
solemne | adj | solemn | W7 | |
soliciten | vb | to disturb, take charge of | W7 | |
solide | adj | solid | W7 | |
soudier | n | soldier | W7 | |
soudure | n | solder | W7 | |
English: | catholic | adj | universal, comprehensive | AHD/W7 |
consolidate | vb | to unite, join together | AHD/W7 | |
hol(o)- | pfx | whole, entire | AHD | |
insouciance | n | nonchalance, lighthearted unconcern | W7 | |
insouciant | adj | nonchalant, re: insouciance | AHD | |
safe | adj | unhurt, freed from harm/risk | AHD/W7 | |
sage | n | mint (herb) | AHD/W7 | |
salubrious | adj | healthful, beneficial, re: health/well-being | AHD/W7 | |
salutary | adj | curative, promoting health | AHD/W7 | |
salute | n | greeting, expression of good will | W9 | |
salute | vb | to greet/address with courtesy/kind wishes | AHD/W7 | |
salvage | n | compensation paid for saving/rescuing ship/cargo/persons from perils of sea | AHD/W7 | |
salvo | n | simultaneous discharge of multiple guns | AHD/W7 | |
save | prep | barring, excepting | AHD/W7 | |
save | vb | to deliver from sin | AHD/W7 | |
solder | n | metal/alloy melted to join objects | AHD/W7 | |
soldier | n | one in military service | AHD/W7 | |
solemn | adj | marked by invocation of religious sanction | AHD/W7 | |
solicit | vb | to entreat, make petition to | AHD/W7 | |
solicitous | adj | anxious, concerned, apprehensive | AHD/W7 | |
solid | adj | having interior filled with matter | AHD/W7 | |
sou | n | sol (old French coin) | AHD/W7 | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | cieo, ciēre | vb | to move | W7 |
citus | adj | fast | W7 | |
consolidatus | vb.ptc | consolidated | W7 | |
consolido, consolidare | vb | to make solid | W7 | |
salubris | adj | salubrious | W7 | |
salus, salūtis | n.fem | health, safety, soundness | RPN | |
salutaris | adj | salutary | W7 | |
salutatio, salutationis | n.fem | saluting | LRC | |
saluto, salutāre | vb | to salute | W7 | |
salve | vb.imp | hail! | W7 | |
salveo, salvēre | vb | to be healthy | W7 | |
salvia | n.fem | sage | W7 | |
salvus | adj | safe, sound, healthy, unhurt | RPN | |
solido, solidāre | vb | to make solid | W7 | |
solidus | adj | solid | W7 | |
sollemnis | adj | solemn, regularly appointed | W7 | |
sollicito, sollicitāre | vb | to disturb, ask for | W7 | |
sollicitus | adj | anxious | W7 | |
sollus | adj | whole | W7 | |
Late Latin: | catholicus | adj | general, universal | W7 |
salvo, salvāre | vb | to save | W7 | |
solidus | adj | solid | W7 | |
Portuguese: | saúde | n | health | TLL |
Spanish: | salud | n.fem | health | TLL |
saludo | n.masc | salute | LRC | |
Old French: | salver | vb | to save | W7 |
sauf | adj | safe | W7 | |
sauf | conj | save, except | W7 | |
sol | n.masc | sou, coin, centime piece | W7 | |
soudier | n.masc | soldier, employee | W7 | |
soulde | n.fem | pay | W7 | |
Middle French: | catholique | adj | re: Roman Catholic Church | W7 |
salutaire | adj | salutary | W7 | |
salvage | n.masc | salvation | W7 | |
salver | vb | to save | W7 | |
sauge | n.fem | sage | W7 | |
solemne | adj | solemn | W7 | |
solide | adj | solid | W7 | |
solliciter | vb | to solicit, ask for | W7 | |
souder | vb | to solder | W7 | |
soudure | n.fem | solder | W7 | |
French: | salut | n.masc | health; salute | TLL |
sou | n.masc | a coin | W7 | |
Italian: | salute | n.fem | health | TLL |
saluto | n.masc | salute | LRC | |
salva | n.fem | salvo, volley | W7 | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | katholikos | adj | general, universal | W7 |
καθ-όλου | adv | in general | LS | |
ὅλος | adj | whole, entire, complete | RPN | |
ὅλως | adv | wholly, entirely | LRC | |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | olǰ | adj | whole, healthy | RPN |
Iranian | ||||
Old Persian: | haruva- | adj | all | RPN |
Avestan: | haurva- | adj | whole, entire | RPN |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | sárva-ḥ | pron/adv | all, whole; completely | RPN |
sarvátāti | n | totality, completeness | RPN | |
Pali: | sabba- | adj | all | RPN |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | solme | adv | completely, altogether | RPN |
Tocharian A: | salu | adv | entirely, completely | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
conj | = | conjunction |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
imp | = | imperative (mood) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
pfx | = | prefix |
prep | = | preposition |
pron | = | pronoun |
ptc | = | participle |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |