Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. (s)pen(-d)- 'to pull, spin'
Semantic Field(s): to Draw, Pull
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | pund | n.neut | pound, pint | W7 |
| spang | n.fem | clasp, buckle, fastening | W7 | |
| spin(e)l | n.fem | spindle | ASD/W7 | |
| spinnan, spann, spunnon, spunnen | vb.str | to spin | ASD/W7 | |
| spīþra | n | spider | KEW | |
| Middle English: | countrepesen | vb | to counterpoise | W7 |
| dependen | vb | to depend | W7 | |
| dispensen | vb | to dispense | W7 | |
| expenden | vb | to expend | W7 | |
| paynter | n | painter | W7 | |
| pendaunt | n | pendant | W7 | |
| pensif | adj | pensive | W7 | |
| pension | n | pension | W7 | |
| pentis | n | penthouse | W7 | |
| perpend | n | perpend | W7 | |
| perpendiculer | adj | perpendicular | W7 | |
| perpoynt | n | perpend | W7 | |
| poisen | vb | to poise, weigh | W7 | |
| ponderen | vb | to ponder | W7 | |
| ponderous | adj | ponderous | W7 | |
| pound | n | pound | W7 | |
| purpensen | vb | to deliberate, premeditate | W7 | |
| recompensen | vb | to recompense | W7 | |
| spang | n | shiny ornament | W7 | |
| spangel | n.dim | spangle | W7 | |
| spider | n | spider | W7 | |
| spindel | n | spindle | W7 | |
| spinnen | vb | to spin | W7 | |
| spithre | n | spider | W7 | |
| stipendy | n | stipend | W7 | |
| suspenden | vb | to suspend | W7 | |
| vilipenden | vb | to vilipend, regard as contemptible | W7 | |
| English: | antependium | n | hanging for front of altar/pulpit/lectern | AHD/W7 |
| append | vb.trans | to affix, attach | AHD/W7 | |
| appendix | n | appendage | AHD/W7 | |
| avoirdupois | n | weights (in a certain series) | AHD/W7 | |
| compendium | n | abstract, brief summary of larger work/field of knowledge | AHD/W7 | |
| compensate | vb | to counterbalance, be equivalent to | AHD/W7 | |
| counterpoise | vb.trans | to counterbalance | AHD/W7 | |
| depend | vb.intrans | to be contingent | AHD/W7 | |
| dispense | vb | to parcel out | AHD/W7 | |
| equiponderate | vb | to equal in weight/force | AHD/W7 | |
| expend | vb.trans | to spend, pay out | AHD/W7 | |
| geoponic | adj | agricultural | AHD/W7 | |
| impend | vb.intrans | to hang suspended | AHD/W7 | |
| lithopone | n | white pigment: precipitated zinc sulfide/barium sulfate | AHD/W7 | |
| painter | n | line for towing/securing boat | AHD/W7 | |
| pansy | n | flowering garden plant | AHD/W7 | |
| penchant | n | liking, strong leaning | AHD/W7 | |
| pendant, pendent | n/adj | (something) suspended/supported from above | AHD/W7 | |
| pendentive | n | triangular spherical vaulting | AHD/W7 | |
| pendulous | adj | poised without visible support | AHD/W7 | |
| pendulum | n | freely swinging body suspended from fixed point | AHD/W7 | |
| pensile | adj | pendent, hanging | AHD/W7 | |
| pension | n | monetary (e.g. retirement) sum paid regularly | AHD/W7 | |
| pensive | adj | musingly/dreamily thinking/thoughtful | AHD/W7 | |
| penthouse | n | shed/roof attached to/sloping from wall/building | AHD/W7 | |
| perpend, perpent | n | brick/large stone reaching through wall | AHD/W7 | |
| perpend | vb | to ponder, reflect on carefully | AHD/W7 | |
| perpendicular | adj | exactly upright/vertical | AHD/W7 | |
| peso | n | Spanish silver coin | AHD/W7 | |
| poise | vb | to balance | AHD/W7 | |
| ponder | vb | to weigh in mind | AHD/W7 | |
| ponderous | adj | of very great weight | AHD/W7 | |
| pound | n | unit of mass/weight | AHD/W7 | |
| prepense | adj | purpensed | AHD/W7 | |
| preponderate | vb | to outweigh | AHD/W7 | |
| propend | vb.intrans | to incline | AHD/W7 | |
| purpensed | vb.ptc | premeditated, planned/deliberated beforehand | AHD/W7 | |
| recompense | vb.trans | to repay, give compensation to | AHD/W7 | |
| spangle | n | small shiny metal ornament | AHD/W7 | |
| spider | n | arachnid having 2-part body/4 pairs of legs | AHD/W7 | |
| spin, spun | vb.str | to draw out/twist fiber into yarn/thread | AHD/W7 | |
| spindle | n | round rod/pin with tapered ends | AHD/W7 | |
| spontaneous | adj | voluntary, arising without external constraint/stimulus | AHD/W7 | |
| stipend | n | monetary sum paid periodically for services/expenses | AHD/W7 | |
| suspend | vb | to debar temporarily from office/function/privilege | AHD/W7 | |
| vilipend | vb.trans | to contemn, hold/treat as of little worth/account | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | pund | n | pound | ASD |
| Dutch: | spin | n | spider | TLL |
| Old Low German: | punt | n | pound | ASD |
| spinnila | n | spindle | ASD | |
| Old High German: | pfunt | n | pound | ASD |
| spanga | n.fem | clasp | ASD | |
| spinna | n | spider | KDW | |
| spin(n)ala | n | spindle | ASD | |
| spinnan | vb | to spin | W7 | |
| spīsa | n | food | KDW | |
| German: | Spange | n | clasp | ASD |
| Speise | n.fem | food, meal | LRC | |
| Spesen | n.fem.pl | costs, charges, expenses | LRC | |
| Spind | n.neut | locker, wardrobe | LRC | |
| Spinne | n.fem | spider | TLL | |
| Spinnen | n.neut | spinning | LRC | |
| spinnen | vb | to spin | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | pund | n | pound | W7 |
| spöng | n | spangle | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | pund | n | pound | ASD |
| spinna | vb | to spin | ASD | |
| spöng | n.fem | clasp | ASD | |
| Danish: | spise | n | food | LRC |
| Swedish: | spindel | n | spider | TLL |
| spis | n | food | LRC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | pund | n | pound | ASD |
| spinnan | vb | to spin | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | appendix, appendicis | n.fem | addition, attachment, continuation | W7 |
| appendō, appendere | vb | to weigh out, hang to something | W7 | |
| compendium | n.neut | saving, shortcut | W7 | |
| compendo, compendere | vb | to weigh together | W7 | |
| compensatus | vb.ptc | weighed, balanced, compensated | W7 | |
| compēnsō, compēnsāre | vb | to weigh, balance, compensate | W7 | |
| compensus | vb.ptc | weighed | W7 | |
| dēpendeō, dēpendēre | vb | to depend, hang on/from/down | W7 | |
| dispendō, dispendere | vb | to weigh out | W7 | |
| dispēnsō, dispēnsāre | vb | to dispense, pay out, distribute | W7 | |
| dispensus | vb.ptc | distributed | W7 | |
| expendō, expendere | vb | to expend, pay/weigh out | W7 | |
| impendeō, impendēre | vb | to overhang, be near/at hand | W7 | |
| impendō, impendere, impendī, impēnsum | vb | to lay/weigh out, use, devote | LRC | |
| pendens, pendentis | adj/vb.ptc | hanging | W7 | |
| pendeō, pendēre | vb | to hang, be suspended | W7 | |
| pendō, pendere | vb | to hang, weigh, suspend | W7 | |
| pendulum | n.neut | pendulum, something hanging | W7 | |
| pendulus | adj | hanging | W7 | |
| pensilis | adj | hanging | W7 | |
| pensio, pensionis | n.fem | pension | W7 | |
| pēnsō, pēnsāre | vb | to weigh, compare, ponder | W7 | |
| pensum | n.neut | weight | W7 | |
| pensus | vb.ptc | hung, paid | W7 | |
| perpendicularis | adj | perpendicular | W7 | |
| perpendiculum | n.neut | plumb line | W7 | |
| perpendō, perpendere | vb | to weigh carefully, examine | W7 | |
| ponderō, ponderāre | vb | to weigh, ponder | W7 | |
| ponderosus | adj | heavy | W7 | |
| pondus, ponderis | n.neut | weight | W7 | |
| praeponderatus | vb.ptc | outweighed | W7 | |
| praeponderō, praeponderāre | vb | to outweigh | W7 | |
| propendeo, propendēre | vb | to hang down | W7 | |
| sponte | adv | voluntarily | W7 | |
| stipendium | n.neut | pay | W7 | |
| suspendō, suspendere | vb | to suspend | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | pendico, pendicare | vb | to hang | W7 |
| pendō, pendere | vb | to hang | W7 | |
| *pēsum | n | weight | AHD | |
| Late Latin: | recompēnsō, recompēnsāre | vb | to recompense | W7 |
| spontaneus | adj | spontaneous | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | aequiponderatus | vb.ptc | made to have equal weight | W7 |
| antependium | n.neut | antependium | W7 | |
| appenticium | n.neut | appendage | W7 | |
| compendium | n.neut | compendium, collection | W7 | |
| dispēnsō, dispēnsāre | vb | to grant dispensation | W7 | |
| equiponderō, equiponderāre | vb | to weigh out equally | W7 | |
| spenda | n | pantry | LRC | |
| spēsa | n | food | KDW | |
| vilipendō, vilipendere | vb | to slander | W7 | |
| New Latin: | pendulum | n.neut | body suspended to swing freely | W7 |
| Portuguese: | pesar | n | grief | TLL |
| Spanish: | pesar | n | regret | TLL |
| peso | n.fem | Spanish currency unit | W7 | |
| Old French: | avoirdupois | n.masc.pl | valuables, lit. goods of weight | W7 |
| peis, pois | n | weight | AHD | |
| penser | vb | to think | W7 | |
| purpenser | vb | to deliberate, premeditate | W7 | |
| suspendre | vb | to hang up, interrupt | W7 | |
| Middle French: | appentis | n.masc | penthouse | W7 |
| contrepeser | vb | to counterweight | W7 | |
| dependre | vb | to depend | W7 | |
| pendant | prep | while | W7 | |
| pendoir | n.masc | clothesline | W7 | |
| pendre | vb | to hang | W7 | |
| pensée | n | thought | W7 | |
| pensif | adj | pensive | W7 | |
| pension | n.fem | pension | W7 | |
| pentoir | n.masc | clothesline | W7 | |
| perpain | n.masc | perpend/perpent | W7 | |
| perpendiculer | vb | to set in perpendicular position | W7 | |
| peser | vb | to weigh | W7 | |
| pois- | stem | weight | W7 | |
| ponderer | vb | to ponder | W7 | |
| pondereux | adj | heavy | W7 | |
| purpenser | vb | to deliberate | W7 | |
| recompenser | vb | to recompense | W7 | |
| vilipender | vb | to vilipend | W7 | |
| French: | appendre | vb | to hang to something | W7 |
| penchant | n.masc | leaning, tendency | W7 | |
| pencher | vb | to incline | W7 | |
| pendant | prep | during | TLL | |
| pendentif | n.masc | jewel hanging from neck chain | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | γεω-πονέω | vb | to plow, till | LS |
| γεω-πόνος | n.masc | farmer, husbandman | LS | |
| πονέω | vb | to toil, labor, work hard | LRC | |
| πονηρός | adj | evil, wicked | LRC | |
| πόνος | n.masc | grief; labor | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| ptc | = | participle |
| stem | = | stem |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KEW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altenglisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
