Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: spend- 'to offer a libation'
Semantic Field(s): to Pour
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | espousen | vb | to espouse | W7 |
| sponde | n | spondee | W7 | |
| spouse | n | spouse | W7 | |
| English: | despond | vb.intrans | to become discouraged/disheartened | AHD/W7 |
| espouse | vb.trans | to marry | AHD/W7 | |
| respond | vb | to answer, say something in return | AHD/W7 | |
| spondee | n | metrical foot: two long/stressed syllables | AHD/W7 | |
| sponsor | n | one who presents candidate for baptism/confirmation | AHD/W7 | |
| spouse | n | wife/husband, married person | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | despondeō, despondēre | vb | to promise | W7 |
| respondeō, respondēre | vb | to respond, answer | W7 | |
| spondeō, spondēre | vb | to promise, betroth | W7 | |
| spondeum | n.neut | spondee | W7 | |
| spōnsa | n.fem | bride, betrothed woman | W7 | |
| spōnsor, spōnsōris | n.masc | bail, surety; bondsman, guarantor | W7 | |
| spōnsus | n.masc | groom, betrothed man | W7 | |
| spōnsus | vb.ptc | promised, guaranteed | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | sponso, sponsāre | vb | to betroth | W7 |
| Spanish: | esposo | n | spouse | TLL |
| Old French: | espous | n.masc | husband | W7 |
| espouse | n.fem | wife | W7 | |
| Middle French: | espouser | vb | to marry | W7 |
| respondre | vb | to answer | W7 | |
| spondée | n.fem | metrical foot: two long syllables | W7 | |
| French: | épou | n | spouse | TLL |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | σπένδω | vb | to promise, pour a libation | LRC |
| σπονδεῖος | adj | re: libation | LRC | |
| σπονδή | n.fem | libation, drink-offering | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
