Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sreu- 'to stream, flow'
Semantic Field(s): to Flow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | strēam | n.masc | stream | LRC |
| Middle English: | diaria | n | diarrhea | W7 |
| reume | n | rheum | W7 | |
| -ria | n.sfx | -rrhea | W7 | |
| streme | n | stream | W7 | |
| English: | catarrh | n | mucous membrane inflammation | AHD/W7 |
| diarrhea | n | abnormally frequent intestinal discharge | AHD/W7 | |
| hemorrhoid | n | mass of veins in swollen tissue at/within anal margin | AHD/W7 | |
| maelstrom | n | powerful (often violent) whirlpool | AHD/W7 | |
| rheo- | pfx | flow, current | AHD/W7 | |
| rheum | n | watery discharge from mucous membranes | AHD/W7 | |
| rhyolite | n | acid volcanic rock: lava form of granite | AHD/W7 | |
| rhythm | n | recurrent alternation of strong/weak elements in sound | AHD/W7 | |
| rhyton | n | ancient hornlike drinking vessel | AHD | |
| -rrhea | n.sfx | flow, discharge | AHD/W7 | |
| sastruga | n | long wavelike snow ridge | AHD | |
| stream | n | body of moving water | AHD/W7 | |
| stream | vb | to flow (as if) in stream | W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | strām | n | stream | ASD |
| Dutch: | maalstroom | n | maelstrom | W7 |
| stroom | n | stream, current | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | strom | n | stream | ASD |
| Old High German: | stroum, strūm | n | stream | ASD/W7 |
| German: | Rhyolith | n | rhyolite | W7 |
| Strom | n.masc | stream; electric current | LRC | |
| Strömung | n.fem | stream, current | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | straumr | n | stream | ASD |
| Danish: | strøm | n | stream, current | TLL |
| Swedish: | ström | n | stream, current | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | haemorrhoidae | n.fem.pl | hemorrhoids | W7 |
| rheuma | n.neut | flux of the sea | W7 | |
| rhythmus | n.masc | rhythm | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | catarrhus | n.masc | catarrh | W7 |
| diarrhoea | n.fem | diarrhea | W7 | |
| -rrhoea | sfx | flowing | W7 | |
| Middle French: | catarrhe | n.masc | catarrh | W7 |
| hemorrhoides | n.fem.pl | hemorrhoids | W7 | |
| reume | n.masc | flu, cold | W7 | |
| French: | rhythme | n.masc | rhythm | W7 |
| Slavic | ||||
| Russian: | struga | n | deep place | AHD |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | κατα-ρρέω | vb | to flow down | LRC |
| ῥέω | vb | to flow, stream, gush | LS | |
| ῥόος | n | flow, stream, current | LRC | |
| Greek: | haimorrhoos | adj | flowing with blood | W7 |
| δια-ρρέω | vb | to flow through | LRC | |
| dia-rrhoia | n.fem | diarrhea, lit. flowing through | W7 | |
| kata-rrhous | adj | that flows; re: influenza | W7 | |
| rheuma | n.neut | flow, flux | W7 | |
| rhoia | n.fem | flux, flow | W7 | |
| -rrhoia | sfx | flowing | W7 | |
| rhyax | n | stream (of lava) | W7 | |
| rhythmos | n.masc | rhythm | W7 | |
| ῥῠτός | adj | fluid, liquid, flowing | LS | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | sarati | vb | to flow | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |