Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sreu- 'to stream, flow'
Semantic Field(s): to Flow
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | strēam | n.masc | stream | LRC |
Middle English: | diaria | n | diarrhea | W7 |
reume | n | rheum | W7 | |
-ria | n.sfx | -rrhea | W7 | |
streme | n | stream | W7 | |
English: | catarrh | n | mucous membrane inflammation | AHD/W7 |
diarrhea | n | abnormally frequent intestinal discharge | AHD/W7 | |
hemorrhoid | n | mass of veins in swollen tissue at/within anal margin | AHD/W7 | |
maelstrom | n | powerful (often violent) whirlpool | AHD/W7 | |
rheo- | pfx | flow, current | AHD/W7 | |
rheum | n | watery discharge from mucous membranes | AHD/W7 | |
rhyolite | n | acid volcanic rock: lava form of granite | AHD/W7 | |
rhythm | n | recurrent alternation of strong/weak elements in sound | AHD/W7 | |
rhyton | n | ancient hornlike drinking vessel | AHD | |
-rrhea | n.sfx | flow, discharge | AHD/W7 | |
sastruga | n | long wavelike snow ridge | AHD | |
stream | n | body of moving water | AHD/W7 | |
stream | vb | to flow (as if) in stream | W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | strām | n | stream | ASD |
Dutch: | maalstroom | n | maelstrom | W7 |
stroom | n | stream, current | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | strom | n | stream | ASD |
Old High German: | stroum, strūm | n | stream | ASD/W7 |
German: | Rhyolith | n | rhyolite | W7 |
Strom | n.masc | stream; electric current | LRC | |
Strömung | n.fem | stream, current | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Icelandic: | straumr | n | stream | ASD |
Danish: | strøm | n | stream, current | TLL |
Swedish: | ström | n | stream, current | TLL |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | haemorrhoidae | n.fem.pl | hemorrhoids | W7 |
rheuma | n.neut | flux of the sea | W7 | |
rhythmus | n.masc | rhythm | W7 | |
Late Latin: | catarrhus | n.masc | catarrh | W7 |
diarrhoea | n.fem | diarrhea | W7 | |
-rrhoea | sfx | flowing | W7 | |
Middle French: | catarrhe | n.masc | catarrh | W7 |
hemorrhoides | n.fem.pl | hemorrhoids | W7 | |
reume | n.masc | flu, cold | W7 | |
French: | rhythme | n.masc | rhythm | W7 |
Slavic | ||||
Russian: | struga | n | deep place | AHD |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | κατα-ρρέω | vb | to flow down | LRC |
ῥέω | vb | to flow, stream, gush | LS | |
ῥόος | n | flow, stream, current | LRC | |
Greek: | haimorrhoos | adj | flowing with blood | W7 |
δια-ρρέω | vb | to flow through | LRC | |
dia-rrhoia | n.fem | diarrhea, lit. flowing through | W7 | |
kata-rrhous | adj | that flows; re: influenza | W7 | |
rheuma | n.neut | flow, flux | W7 | |
rhoia | n.fem | flux, flow | W7 | |
-rrhoia | sfx | flowing | W7 | |
rhyax | n | stream (of lava) | W7 | |
rhythmos | n.masc | rhythm | W7 | |
ῥῠτός | adj | fluid, liquid, flowing | LS | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | sarati | vb | to flow | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
pl | = | plural (number) |
sfx | = | suffix |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |