Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. (s)teu- 'to hit, push, thrust'
Semantic Field(s): to Hit, Strike, Beat, to Push, Shove
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | do-tuit | vb.3.sg.caus | makes to fall | GED |
| Middle Irish: | tūag | n.fem | bow; axe | IED/W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | stēap | adj | steep, deep | GED/W7 |
| stēap | n.masc | stoup, drinking vessel | GED | |
| stēop- | pfx | step- | W7 | |
| stēpel | n | steeple, tower | W7 | |
| stocc | n.masc | stock, base of tree | W7 | |
| stūpian | vb.wk | to stoop | ASD/W7 | |
| stybb, stubb, stebb | n.masc | stub | ASD/W7 | |
| styntan | vb.wk | to stint, blunt, dull | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | percen | vb | to pierce | W7 |
| step- | pfx | step- | W7 | |
| stepe | adj | steep | W7 | |
| stepel | n | steeple | W7 | |
| stinten | vb | to stint | W7 | |
| stok | n | stock, base of tree | W7 | |
| stoupen | vb | to stoop | W7 | |
| stubb | n | stub | W7 | |
| student | n | student | W7 | |
| studie | n | study | W7 | |
| stutten | vb | to stutter | W7 | |
| toile | n | toil | W7 | |
| toilen | vb | to toil | W7 | |
| English: | alpenstock | n | long iron-pointed staff for mountain climbing | AHD/W7 |
| antitype | n | one foreshadowed by/identified with earlier symbol/type | AHD/W7 | |
| archetype | n | prototype, original pattern/model from which things of same type are copied | AHD/W7 | |
| contuse | vb.trans | to bruise, injure (tissue) without laceration | AHD/W7 | |
| etude | n | piece of music for honing particular technique | AHD/W7 | |
| etui | n | small ornamental case | AHD/W7 | |
| etwee, etweese | n.obs | instrument(s) used for holding/plucking | AHD/W7 | |
| linstock | n | forked staff with iron foot used to hold lighted match for cannon firing | AHD/W7 | |
| obtund | vb | to dull, deaden, make less intense | AHD | |
| perse | adj | dark grayish blue/purple | AHD | |
| pertussis | n | whooping cough | AHD/W7 | |
| pierce | vb | to stab, run pointed weapon into/through | AHD/W7 | |
| ratatouille | n | vegetable stew seasoned with herbs/garlic | AHD | |
| retuse | adj | having apex rounded/obtuse with slight notch | AHD/W7 | |
| shtick | n.sl | characteristic trait/talent/attribute | AHD | |
| steep | adj | high, lofty, sharply angled upward | AHD/W7 | |
| steeple | n | tall structure with small spire atop church tower | AHD/W7 | |
| step- | pfx | related by virtue of parental remarriage (not by blood) | AHD/W7 | |
| stint | vb | to stop, put an end to | AHD/W7 | |
| stiver | n | Netherlands monetary unit: 1/20 gulden | AHD/W7 | |
| Stock | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| stock | n | log, stump, block of wood | AHD/W7 | |
| stoke | vb | to stir/poke/rake (fire), supply fuel to | IEW/W7 | |
| stoker | n | one who stokes furnace | AHD | |
| stoop | vb | to bend body forward/downward, opt. while bending knees | AHD/W7 | |
| stoss | adj | facing in direction from which overriding glacier impinges | AHD/W7 | |
| stub | n | stump | AHD/W7 | |
| stucco | n | exterior wall covering usu. of sand/portland cement/small amounts of lime | AHD/W7 | |
| student | n | scholar, learner | AHD/W7 | |
| study | n | reverie, state of contemplation | AHD/W7 | |
| stupefy | vb.trans | to benumb, make dull/stupid/insensible | AHD/W7 | |
| stupendous | adj | marvelous, awesome, causing astonishment/wonder | AHD/W7 | |
| stupid | adj | obtuse, slow of mind | AHD/W7 | |
| stut | vb | to stutter | AHD/W7 | |
| stutter | vb.freq | to speak in repetitive spasms | AHD/W7 | |
| Stybba | prop.n | Merry's pony in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Styx | prop.n | Hades river over which dead souls are ferried by Charon (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| toil | n.arch | battle, struggle | AHD/W7 | |
| toil | vb.obs | to fight, argue, dispute, struggle, battle | OED | |
| tuck | n | sound of drumbeat | AHD/W7 | |
| tuk | vb | to beat the drum | AHD/W7 | |
| tussis | n | cough | AHD | |
| tweeze | vb.trans | to pluck/remove with tweezers | AHD/W7 | |
| tweezers | n.pl | small pincer-shaped tools for holding/plucking/manipulating | AHD/W7 | |
| tympanum | n | eardrum, tympanic membrane | AHD/W7 | |
| tympany | n | percussive resonance | W7 | |
| type | n | thing/person that foreshadows another | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | stāp | adj | steep, tall | ASD |
| stēt | n | thrust | GED | |
| stēta | vb.wk | to thrust, push | GED | |
| stokk | n | stock | ASD | |
| Old Dutch: | stuypen | vb | to bow | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | stuken | vb | to push, stoke | W7 |
| Dutch: | lontstok | n | lit. match-stick | W7 |
| stok | n | stick | W7 | |
| stoken | vb | to stoke | AHD | |
| stotteren | vb | to stutter | W7 | |
| stuiver | n | stiver | W7 | |
| Old Saxon: | stōtan | vb | to thrust | GED |
| Old Low German: | stokk | n | stock, trunk, log | ASD |
| Old High German: | stiof- | pfx | step- | W7 |
| stoc | n | stick | W7 | |
| stocch | n | stock, trunk, log | ASD | |
| stōz | n.str.masc | thrust | GED | |
| stōzan | vb.str | to thrust | GED | |
| stucki | n | piece, crust | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | stief | adj | steep | W7 |
| stutz | n.masc | thrust | GED | |
| stutzen | vb.wk | to avoid | GED | |
| German: | Alpenstock | n.masc | alpenstock | W7 |
| Stock | n.masc | staff | W7 | |
| Stoss | n.masc | push, thrust | LRC | |
| stossen | vb | to push | W7 | |
| stutzen | vb | to shorten, truncate; hesitate | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | staup | n | lump, knoll, cup | W7 |
| stokkr | n.masc | stock, beam | LRC | |
| stuttr | adj | scant | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | stauta | vb | to thrust | GED |
| steytr | n | thrust | GED | |
| stūtr | n.str.masc | young ox; stump of horn | GED | |
| Icelandic: | steypa | vb | to cause to stoop | ASD |
| stokkr | n | stock, trunk, log | ASD | |
| stubbi, stubbr | n | stub | ASD | |
| stúpa | vb.str | to stoop | ASD | |
| stytta | vb | to shorten | ASD | |
| Danish: | stok | n | stick | TLL |
| stupe | vb | to stoop, fall | ASD | |
| Swedish: | stupa | vb | to stoop, tilt, fall | ASD |
| stupande | adj | stooping, sloping | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *stautan | vb.str.VII | to strike | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | archetypum | n.neut | archetype | W7 |
| contundo, contundere | vb | to crush, bruise | W7 | |
| contusus | vb.ptc | crushed | W7 | |
| retundo, retundere | vb | to pound back, blunt | W7 | |
| retusus | adj | blunted | W7 | |
| studens, studentis | vb.ptc | studying | W7 | |
| studeo, studēre, studui | vb | to study, be eager, be fond of | LRC | |
| studiosus, studiosa, studiosum | adv | eager, studious | LRC | |
| studium, studii | n.neut | study, zeal, passion, interest | LRC | |
| stupefacio, stupefacere | vb | to stupefy | W7 | |
| stupendus | vb.ger | astonishing | W7 | |
| stupeo, stupēre | vb | to be benumbed, be astonished | W7 | |
| stupidus | adj | mute, stupid | W7 | |
| stuprum | n.neut | defilement | W7 | |
| tundo, tundere | vb | to beat, pound, strike | W7 | |
| tussis | n.fem | tussis | W7 | |
| tympanum | n.neut | drum | W7 | |
| typus | n.masc | image | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | antitypus | adj | corresponding | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | antitypus | n | antitype | AHD |
| tympanum | n.neut | eardrum | W7 | |
| New Latin: | pertussis | n.fem | pertussis, rough cough | W7 |
| Spanish: | estudiar | vb | to study | TLL |
| Old French: | estudie | n.fem | study | W7 |
| percer | vb | to pierce | W7 | |
| toeil | n.masc | toil, confusion | W7 | |
| toeillier | vb | to toil, stir, disturb | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | toiller | vb | to toil, stir, disturb | W7 |
| toyl | n.masc | toil, confusion | W7 | |
| Middle French: | contuser | vb | to bruise | W7 |
| estud(i)e | n.fem | study | W7 | |
| stupéfier | vb | to stupefy | W7 | |
| stupide | adj | mute, stupid | W7 | |
| French: | archétype | n | archetype | CDC |
| étude | n.fem | study, office (room) | W7 | |
| étudier | vb | to study | TLL | |
| étui | n.masc | small ornamental case | W7 | |
| Italian: | stucco | n.masc | stucco, plaster | W7 |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | shtyj | vb | to thrust | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | Στύξ, Στυγός | n | Styx: the River of Hate | LRC |
| τυπή | n | blow, stroke | LRC | |
| τύπτω | vb | to hit, beat, strike | LRC | |
| Greek: | anti-typos | adj | corresponding | W7 |
| arche-typon | n.neut | archetype | W7 | |
| arche-typos | n.masc | archetypal | W7 | |
| stypos | n.masc | stem | W7 | |
| tympanon | n.neut | drum, kettledrum | W7 | |
| tupos | n | print, impression | AHD | |
| Late Greek: | antitupos | n | copy, antitype | AHD |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | tudáti | vb | to thrust, push | GED |
| tundate | vb | to thrust, push | GED | |
| todás | n | one who incites | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| VII | = | class 7 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| arch | = | archaic |
| caus | = | causative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
| ger | = | gerund(ive) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| sl | = | slang |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
