Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. streig- 'taut, stiff, strict; to twist; rope'
Semantic Field(s): Hard, to Join, Unite, Rope, Cord
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | strician | vb | to knit, darn, mend, repair | IEW |
Middle English: | constrainen | vb | to constrain | W7 |
destresse | n | distress | W7 | |
distreynen | vb | to distrain | W7 | |
restraynen | vb | to restrain | W7 | |
strainen | vb | to strain | W7 | |
strait | adj | strait | W7 | |
stresse | n | stress | W7 | |
English: | astringent | adj | styptic, puckery, able to draw together soft organic tissues | AHD/W7 |
constrain | vb.trans | to compel | AHD/W7 | |
constraint | n | check, restraint | TLL | |
constriction | n | tightening | TLL | |
distrain | vb | to levy distress upon | AHD/W7 | |
distress | n | seizure/detention of one's goods | AHD/W7 | |
prestige | n | standing/estimation in public opinion | AHD/W7 | |
restrain | vb.trans | to prevent from doing | AHD/W7 | |
restrict | vb.trans | to restrain, confine within bounds | AHD/W7 | |
strain | vb | to draw tight, stretch taut | AHD/W7 | |
strait | adj | narrow, restricted | AHD/W7 | |
stress | n | constraining force/influence | AHD/W7 | |
stretto | n | overlap in musical fugue of answer with subject | AHD/W7 | |
strict | adj | permitting no escape/evasion | AHD/W7 | |
stringendo | adj | with accelerating tempo | AHD | |
stringent | adj | tight, constricted | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old High German: | stricchen | vb | to tie, knit | ASD |
German: | stricken | vb | to knit | ASD |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | adstringens, adstringentis | adj/vb.ptc | astringent, tightening | CDC |
astringens, astringentis | adj/vb.ptc | astringent, tightening | W7 | |
astringo, astringere | vb | to tighten, bind fast | W7 | |
constringo, constringere | vb | to draw together, bind fast | W7 | |
districtus | vb.ptc | drawn apart, stretched out | W7 | |
distringo, distringere | vb | to distrain, draw apart | W7 | |
praestīgia | n.fem | sleight, illusion, deception, conjuror's trick | W7 | |
praestringo, praestringere | vb | to tie up, blindfold | W7 | |
restrictus | vb.ptc | restricted | W7 | |
restringo, restringere | vb | to restrict | W7 | |
strictus, stricta, strictum | adj | strict, tight, drawn together | LRC | |
stringens, stringentis | adj/vb.ptc | stringent, binding tight | W7 | |
stringō, stringere, strinxī, strictum | vb | to tie, fasten, bind/draw tight | IEW | |
Vulgar Latin: | districtia | n.fem | distress | W7 |
Late Latin: | praestigium | n.neut | prestige | W7 |
Medieval Latin: | distringo, distringere | vb | to distrain | W7 |
Old French: | destreindre | vb | to distrain, draw apart | W7 |
destresse | n.fem | distress | W7 | |
estreit | adj | strict | W7 | |
Middle French: | astringent | n.masc | binding | W7 |
constraindre | vb | to constrain | W7 | |
estraindre | vb | to press in one's arms | W7 | |
prestige | n.masc | sleight, illusion, deception, conjuror's trick | W7 | |
restraindre | vb | to restrain | W7 | |
French: | astringent | adj | binding, astringent | CDC |
prestige | n.masc | glory, honor, prestige | W7 | |
Italian: | stretta | n.fem | squeeze, pressure | W7 |
stretto | adj | close, narrow | W7 | |
stringendo | adj | stringendo, drawing tight | AHD | |
stringere | vb | to draw tight | AHD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
ptc | = | participle |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |