Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: strenk-, streng- 'tight, cramped; cord, string'
Semantic Field(s): to Join, Unite
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | strang | adj | strong | LRC |
| streng | n.masc | string, cord, rope | W7 | |
| strengþu | n.fem.indec | strength | W7 | |
| Middle English: | stranglen | vb | to strangle | W7 |
| strangury | n | strangury | W7 | |
| strengthe | n | strength | W7 | |
| string | n | string | W7 | |
| strong | adj | strong | W7 | |
| English: | strangle | vb | to throttle, choke by compressing throat | AHD/W7 |
| strangles | n.pl | infectious disease causing choking/strangling sensation | AHD | |
| strangulate | vb | to strangle, constrict | AHD/W7 | |
| strangury | n | slow/painful urine discharge drop-by-drop | AHD/W7 | |
| strength | n | capacity for exertion/endurance | AHD/W7 | |
| string | n | small cord | AHD/W7 | |
| strong | adj | robust, re: great strength | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | strang | adj | strong | ASD |
| Old High German: | strengi | adj | strong | W7 |
| German: | streng | adj | stern, harsh, strict, severe | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | strangr | adj | strong | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | strangulatus | vb.ptc | strangled | W7 |
| strangulo, strangulare | vb | to strangle | W7 | |
| stranguria | n.fem | urine retention | W7 | |
| Middle French: | estrangler | vb | to strangle | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | στραγγάλη | n.fem | rope, noose, halter | LRC |
| στράγξ | n.fem | drop squeezed out | LRC | |
| strangalan | vb | to strangle | W7 | |
| strang-ouria | n.fem | urine retention | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| indec | = | indeclinable/anomalous |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
