Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. su̯eid- 'to sweat, perspire; sweat'
Semantic Field(s): Sweat, Perspiration
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | swǣtan | vb.wk | to sweat | ASD/W7 |
| swāt | n.neut | sweat | W7 | |
| Middle English: | sweten | vb | to sweat | W7 |
| English: | exude | vb | to ooze out | AHD/W7 |
| hidrosis | n | perspiration, excretion of sweat | AHD/W7 | |
| sudatorium | n | sweat room in bath | AHD/W7 | |
| sudoriferous | adj | producing/conveying sweat | AHD/W7 | |
| sudorific | adj | diaphoretic, causing/inducing sweat | AHD/W7 | |
| suint | n | dried perspiration of sheep | AHD/W7 | |
| sweat | n | perspiration; hard work, drudgery | W7 | |
| sweat | vb | to perspire, excrete moisture through skin | AHD/W7 | |
| transude | vb | to exude, pass through membrane/permeable substance | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | swēt | n | sweat | ASD |
| Dutch: | zweet | n.neut | sweat | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | swēt | n | sweat | ASD |
| Old High German: | sweiz | n | sweat | W7 |
| Middle High German: | sweiz | n.masc | sweat, blood | ASD |
| German: | Schweiss | n.masc | sweat | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | sveita | vb | to sweat | ASD |
| sweiti | n.wk.masc | sweat | ||
| Danish: | sved | n.masc | sweat | ASD |
| Swedish: | swett | n.masc | sweat | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | exsudo, exsudāre | vb | to exude, sweat out | W7 |
| sudatorium | n.neut | sudatorium: part of Roman bath | W7 | |
| sudatus | vb.ptc | having sweated | W7 | |
| sūdo, sūdare | vb | to sweat (out) | W7 | |
| sudor | n.masc | sweat | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | sudorifer | adj | re: bringing sweat | W7 |
| New Latin: | hidrosis | n.fem | act of sweating | W7 |
| sudorificus | adj | sudorific | W7 | |
| transudo, transudare | vb | to sweat through | W7 | |
| Middle French: | suer | vb | to sweat | W7 |
| suint | n.masc | sweat of sheep | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἱδρόω | vb | to sweat | LRC |
| ἱδρώς | n.masc | sweat | LRC | |
| Greek: | hidrōsis | n.fem | hidrosis | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
