Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: su̯ek̑s, sek̑s, ksek̑s, ksu̯ek̑s, u̯ek̑s : uk̑s 'six'
Semantic Field(s): Number, Much, Many
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | seissed | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE |
sé | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE | |
Irish: | sé | nbr.card | six (6) | LRC |
Scots Gaelic: | sia | nbr.card | six (6) | LRC |
Manx: | shey | nbr.card | six (6) | LRC |
Welsh: | chwech | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
chweched | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
Gaulish: | suexos | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE |
English | ||||
Old English: | siex | nbr.card | six (6) | LRC |
siexta | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
siextig | nbr.card | sixty (60) | LRC | |
Middle English: | sexte | n | sext | W7 |
six | nbr.card | six (6) | W7 | |
sixty | nbr.card | sixty (60) | W7 | |
English: | hex(a)- | pfx | six | AHD |
hexad | n | group/series of six | AHD/W7 | |
hexagon | n | polygon with six sides | AHD | |
Hexateuch | prop.n | first 6 books of Hebrew Bible, lit. six containers | LRC | |
semester | n | six months | AHD/W7 | |
senary | adj | re: six, compounded of six parts/things | AHD/W7 | |
sestet | n | poem/stanza of six lines | AHD/W7 | |
sestina | n | lyrical form: six-line stanzas | AHD/W7 | |
sex- | pfx | six | AHD/W7 | |
sexagenary | adj | by sixties | AHD | |
sexcentenary | adj | re: 600 | AHD | |
sexennial | adj | (happening) every 6 years | AHD | |
sext | n | fourth canonical hour | AHD/W7 | |
sextant | n | instrument for measuring celestial body altitude | AHD/W7 | |
sextile | n | aspect of heavenly bodies 60 degrees apart | AHD/W7 | |
siesta | n | afternoon nap/rest | AHD/W7 | |
Sistine | adj | re: pope named Sixtus | LRC | |
six | nbr.card | 6 | AHD/W7 | |
sixth | nbr.ord | 6th | AHD/W7 | |
sixty | nbr.card | 60 | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old High German: | sehs | nbr.card | six | W7 |
seh(s)to | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
German: | sechs | nbr.card | six (6) | LRC |
sechste | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | LRC | |
sechzig | nbr.card | sixty (60) | LRC | |
Semester | n.neut | semester | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | sex | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
sētti | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | saíhs | nbr.card | six | LRC |
saíhsta | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
Crimean Gothic: | seis | nbr.card | six (6) | CGo |
Italic | ||||
Umbrian: | sest- | pfx.card | sixth (6th) | EIE |
Latin: | semestris | adj | half-yearly | W7 |
senarius | adj | consisting of six each | W7 | |
seni | adv | six each | W7 | |
sex | nbr.card | six | W7 | |
sexta | n.fem | sixth hour of the day | W7 | |
sextans, sextantis | n.masc | sixth part | CLD/W7 | |
Sextīlis | prop.n | sixth month (in old Roman calendar) | LRC | |
sextīlis | adj | re: sixth month | W7 | |
sextus | nbr.ord | sixth | W7 | |
Late Latin: | hexas, hexadis | n.fem | group of six | W7 |
sexta | n.fem | sixth hour of day | W7 | |
New Latin: | sextans, sextantis | n.masc | 1/6 of circle | W7 |
sixtinus | adj | re: pope named Sixtus | W7 | |
Sixtus | prop.n.masc | name of some popes | W7 | |
Spanish: | siesta | n.fem | nap | W7 |
Italian: | sestetto | n.masc | sextet | W7 |
sestina | n.fem | six-line stanza | W7 | |
sesto | nbr.ord | sixth | W7 | |
sistino | adj | Sistine (from Pope Sixtus IV) | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | us(ch)ts | nbr.card | sixth (6th) | EIE |
Lithuanian: | šeši | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
šẽštas | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
Latvian: | seši | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
sęstais | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | šestĭ | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
Bulgarian: | šéstĭ | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | gjashtë | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
gjashtë(t) | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | ἕξ | nbr.card | six | LRC |
ἑξήκοντα | nbr.card | sixty | LRC | |
Greek: | ἕκτος | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE |
hexas | n.fem | group of six | W7 | |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | vec | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
vec'erord | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | xštva- | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE |
xšvaš | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | ṣáṣ | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
ṣaṣṭhá- | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | ṣkas | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
ṣkaste | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
Tocharian A: | ṣäk | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
ṣkäṣt | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
card | = | cardinal |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
nbr | = | number |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
ord | = | ordinal |
pfx | = | prefix |
prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
EIE | = | J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |