Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: su̯ek̑s, sek̑s, ksek̑s, ksu̯ek̑s, u̯ek̑s : uk̑s 'six'
Semantic Field(s): Number, Much, Many
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | seissed | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE |
| sé | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE | |
| Irish: | sé | nbr.card | six (6) | LRC |
| Scots Gaelic: | sia | nbr.card | six (6) | LRC |
| Manx: | shey | nbr.card | six (6) | LRC |
| Welsh: | chwech | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
| chweched | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
| Gaulish: | suexos | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | siex | nbr.card | six (6) | LRC |
| siexta | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
| siextig | nbr.card | sixty (60) | LRC | |
| Middle English: | sexte | n | sext | W7 |
| six | nbr.card | six (6) | W7 | |
| sixty | nbr.card | sixty (60) | W7 | |
| English: | hex(a)- | pfx | six | AHD |
| hexad | n | group/series of six | AHD/W7 | |
| hexagon | n | polygon with six sides | AHD | |
| Hexateuch | prop.n | first 6 books of Hebrew Bible, lit. six containers | LRC | |
| semester | n | six months | AHD/W7 | |
| senary | adj | re: six, compounded of six parts/things | AHD/W7 | |
| sestet | n | poem/stanza of six lines | AHD/W7 | |
| sestina | n | lyrical form: six-line stanzas | AHD/W7 | |
| sex- | pfx | six | AHD/W7 | |
| sexagenary | adj | by sixties | AHD | |
| sexcentenary | adj | re: 600 | AHD | |
| sexennial | adj | (happening) every 6 years | AHD | |
| sext | n | fourth canonical hour | AHD/W7 | |
| sextant | n | instrument for measuring celestial body altitude | AHD/W7 | |
| sextile | n | aspect of heavenly bodies 60 degrees apart | AHD/W7 | |
| siesta | n | afternoon nap/rest | AHD/W7 | |
| Sistine | adj | re: pope named Sixtus | LRC | |
| six | nbr.card | 6 | AHD/W7 | |
| sixth | nbr.ord | 6th | AHD/W7 | |
| sixty | nbr.card | 60 | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | sehs | nbr.card | six | W7 |
| seh(s)to | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
| German: | sechs | nbr.card | six (6) | LRC |
| sechste | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | LRC | |
| sechzig | nbr.card | sixty (60) | LRC | |
| Semester | n.neut | semester | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | sex | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
| sētti | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | saíhs | nbr.card | six | LRC |
| saíhsta | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
| Crimean Gothic: | seis | nbr.card | six (6) | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Umbrian: | sest- | pfx.card | sixth (6th) | EIE |
| Latin: | semestris | adj | half-yearly | W7 |
| senarius | adj | consisting of six each | W7 | |
| seni | adv | six each | W7 | |
| sex | nbr.card | six | W7 | |
| sexta | n.fem | sixth hour of the day | W7 | |
| sextans, sextantis | n.masc | sixth part | CLD/W7 | |
| Sextīlis | prop.n | sixth month (in old Roman calendar) | LRC | |
| sextīlis | adj | re: sixth month | W7 | |
| sextus | nbr.ord | sixth | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | hexas, hexadis | n.fem | group of six | W7 |
| sexta | n.fem | sixth hour of day | W7 | |
| New Latin: | sextans, sextantis | n.masc | 1/6 of circle | W7 |
| sixtinus | adj | re: pope named Sixtus | W7 | |
| Sixtus | prop.n.masc | name of some popes | W7 | |
| Spanish: | siesta | n.fem | nap | W7 |
| Italian: | sestetto | n.masc | sextet | W7 |
| sestina | n.fem | six-line stanza | W7 | |
| sesto | nbr.ord | sixth | W7 | |
| sistino | adj | Sistine (from Pope Sixtus IV) | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | us(ch)ts | nbr.card | sixth (6th) | EIE |
| Lithuanian: | šeši | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
| šẽštas | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
| Latvian: | seši | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
| sęstais | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | šestĭ | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
| Bulgarian: | šéstĭ | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | gjashtë | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
| gjashtë(t) | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἕξ | nbr.card | six | LRC |
| ἑξήκοντα | nbr.card | sixty | LRC | |
| Greek: | ἕκτος | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE |
| hexas | n.fem | group of six | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | vec | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
| vec'erord | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | xštva- | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE |
| xšvaš | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ṣáṣ | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
| ṣaṣṭhá- | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | ṣkas | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
| ṣkaste | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
| Tocharian A: | ṣäk | nbr.card | six (6) | EIE |
| ṣkäṣt | nbr.ord | sixth (6th) | EIE | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| card | = | cardinal |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| nbr | = | number |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| ord | = | ordinal |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| EIE | = | J.P. Mallory and D.Q. Adams, eds. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture (1997) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |