Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. su̯el(-k)- 'to eat, drink, swill, swallow'
Semantic Field(s): to Eat, to Drink
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | grunde-swel(i)ge, grunde-swilige | n.fem | groundsel | ASD/W7 |
| swelgan, swealh, swulgon, swolgen | vb.str | to swallow | ASD/W7 | |
| swillan | vb | to swill | W7 | |
| Middle English: | groundeswele | n | groundsel | W7 |
| manticore | n | manticore | W7 | |
| swalowen | vb | to swallow | W7 | |
| swilen | vb | to swill | W7 | |
| English: | groundsel | n | (genus of) composite plant with yellow flowers | AHD/W7 |
| manticore | n | legendary animal: head of man, body of lion, tail of dragon/scorpion | AHD/W7 | |
| markhor | n | large wild Himalayan goat | AHD | |
| swallow | vb | to take through mouth/esophagus into stomach | AHD/W7 | |
| swill | vb | to wash, drench, swallow greedily | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Low German: | far-swelgan | vb | to swallow, devour | ASD |
| Old High German: | far-svelhan | vb | to swallow | RPN |
| swelgan | vb | to swallow | W7 | |
| German: | schwelgen | vb | to feast | RPN |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | sollr | n | swill | RPN |
| svelga | vb | to swallow | RPN | |
| sylgr | n | draft, drink of something | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | svelgja | vb | to swallow | ASD |
| Faeroese: | svølgja | vb | to swallow | RPN |
| Norwegian: | svelgja | vb | to swallow | RPN |
| Danish: | svelge | vb | to swallow | RPN |
| Swedish: | svälja | vb | to swallow | RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | mantichora | n.fem | manticore | W7 |
| Iranian | ||||
| Persian: | -khōr | n.sfx | eater | AHD |
| mārkhōr | n | markhor, lit. snake-eater | AHD | |
| Avestan: | x˅ar- | vb | to eat, drink, consume | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
