Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. su̯el-, su̯ol-, sul- 'sole of foot; ground'
Semantic Field(s): Foot, Ground, Soil
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | sole | n | sole | W7 |
| English: | sole | n | bottom of foot/shoe | AHD/W7 |
| sole | n | flatfish | AHD/W7 | |
| solum | n | altered layer of soil | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | zool | n | sole: foot | TLL |
| German: | Sohle | n.fem | sole: foot | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Danish: | saal | n | sole: foot | TLL |
| Swedish: | sula | n | sole: foot | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | solea | n.fem | sole: fish | W7 |
| solea | n.fem | sole: shoe, sandal | W7 | |
| solum, soli | n.neut | soil, ground; base, foundation | LRC | |
| New Latin: | solum | n.neut | layer of soil | W7 |
| Middle French: | sole | n.fem | sole: fish | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
