Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: su̯eng-, su̯enk- : su̯eg-, su̯ek- 'to bend, swing, swag'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | swengan | vb.wk | to swinge | OED/W7 |
| swingan, swang, swungon, swungen | vb.str | to swing | OED/W7 | |
| Middle English: | swengen | vb | to swinge | OED |
| swingen | vb | to swing | OED | |
| English: | swag | vb.intrans | to sway, lurch | AHD/W7 |
| swank | adj | active, full of life/energy | AHD/W7 | |
| swank | vb.intrans | to swagger, show off | AHD/W7 | |
| swing, swung | vb.str | to beat, whip, flog, scourge | AHD/OED | |
| swing | n | swinging movement | W7 | |
| swinge | vb.trans | to beat, whip, flog, thrash | AHD/OED | |
| swingletree | n | singletree: pivoted horizontal crossbar connecting harness traces to vehicle/implement | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | swinga | vb | to swing, fling, sprinkle | OED |
| Middle Dutch: | swanc | adj | swank, supple | W7 |
| Old Saxon: | swingan | vb | to swing | ASD |
| Middle Low German: | swengen | vb.wk | to swing, rotate, wheel round | OED |
| swingen | vb.str | to swing, fling, hurl | OED | |
| Old High German: | swingan | vb | to swing | ASD |
| Middle High German: | swanken | vb | to swag | W7 |
| German: | schwanken | vb | to swag | LRC |
| schwingen | vb | to swing | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | sveggja | vb | to swag | W7 |
| Danish: | sving | n | bend, curve | TLL |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| n | = | noun |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
