Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. su̯ep-, sup- 'to sleep'
Semantic Field(s): to Sleep; Sleep
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | súan | n | sleep | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | swefan | vb | to sleep | RPN |
| swef(e)n | n.neut | sleep, dream | LRC | |
| Middle English: | sompnolent | adj | somnolent | W7 |
| English: | hypn(o)- | pfx | sleep | AHD |
| hypnosis | n | sleeplike state | AHD | |
| hypnotic | adj | soporific, sleep-inducing | AHD/W7 | |
| insomnia | n | prolonged/abnormal inability to sleep well | AHD/W7 | |
| somnolent | adj | soporific | AHD/W7 | |
| sopor | n | stupor, lethargy, deep unnatural sleep | AHD/CDC | |
| soporific | adj | causing/tending to cause sleep | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | sweban | n | dream | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | sofa | vb | to sleep | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | sofna | vb | to fall asleep | RPN |
| svefja | vb | to lull to sleep | RPN | |
| svefna | n | sleep | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | sofa | vb | to sleep | ASD |
| svefn, söfn | n | sleep, dream | ASD | |
| Danish: | sove | vb | to sleep | ASD |
| søvn | n | sleep | ASD | |
| Swedish: | sofa | vb | to sleep | ASD |
| sömn | n | sleep | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | insomnia | n.fem | sleeplessness | W7 |
| insomnis | adj | sleepless | W7 | |
| somnolentus | adj | somnolent | W7 | |
| somnus | n.masc | sleep, slumber | RPN | |
| sōpiō, sōpīre | vb | to stun, put/lull to sleep | RPN | |
| sŏpor | n.masc | deep sleep | RPN | |
| Late Latin: | hypnoticus | adj | of sleep | W7 |
| Middle French: | sompnolent | adj | somnolent, drowsy | W7 |
| French: | hypnotique | adj | causing state of hypnose | W7 |
| soporifique | adj | that induces sleep | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | sãpnas | n | sleep, dream | RPN |
| Latvian: | sapnis | n | sleep | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | sъnъ | n.masc | sleep | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ὕπνος | n.masc | sleep, slumber | RPN |
| ὑπνόω | vb | to (put to) sleep | RPN | |
| Greek: | hypnōtikos | adj | hypnotic, re: sleep | W7 |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | sup-zi | vb.3.sg | to sleep | LRC |
| šu-up-pa-ri-y[a-zi] | vb.3.sg | to sleep | RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | x˅afna- | n | sleep | RPN |
| x˅ap- | vb | to sleep, slumber | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Vedic: | svápati, svapiti | vb | to sleep, fall asleep | RPN |
| svápate | vb.mid | to sleep, fall asleep | RPN | |
| Sanskrit: | svápna-ḥ | n | sleep, sleepiness | RPN |
| svāpáyati | vb.caus | to cause to sleep | RPN | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | ṣpäne | n | sleep | RPN |
| Tocharian A: | ṣpäṃ | n | sleep | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| caus | = | causative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| mid | = | middle (voice) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
