Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: sù¯ordo-s 'black, swarthy; dark/dirty color'
Semantic Field(s): Black, Dark in Color
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sweart | adj | black, swart, swarthy | LRC |
| Middle English: | swart | adj | swart | W7 |
| English: | sordid | adj | dirty, filthy | AHD/W7 |
| swart | adj.arch | swarthy | AHD | |
| swarthy | adj | re: dark cast/color/complexion | AHD/W7 | |
| Swerting | prop.n | swarthy man in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | swart | adj | swart, black | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | swart | adj | swart, black | ASD |
| Old High German: | swarz | adj | swart, black | W7 |
| German: | schwarz | adj | swart, black | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | svartr | adj | swart, black | LRC |
| Icelandic: | svartr | adj | swart, black | ASD |
| Danish: | solsort | n | blackbird | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | swarts | adj | swart, black | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | sordes | n.fem | dirt, refuse | W7 |
| sordidus | adj | dirty, miserable | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| arch | = | archaic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
