Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. tem-, tend- 'to cut'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | temp(e)l | n.neut | temple (edifice) | W7 |
| Middle English: | anatomie | n | anatomy | AHD |
| atom, a(t)tome | n | atom | CDC/W7 | |
| temple | n | temple (edifice) | W7 | |
| tempylle | n | temple (in loom) | W7 | |
| tonsure | n | tonsure | W7 | |
| English: | anatomy | n | morphology re: structure of organisms | AHD/W7 |
| atom | n | minute indivisible particle | AHD/W7 | |
| contemplate | vb.trans | to meditate on, view/consider with attention | AHD/W7 | |
| diatom | n | minute planktonic colonial/unicellular alga | AHD/W7 | |
| dichotomy | n | act/result of dividing into two groups | AHD/W7 | |
| entom(o)- | pfx | (re:) insect | AHD/W7 | |
| entomology | n | lit. insect-study | LRC | |
| epitome | n | summary of written work | AHD/W7 | |
| orchiectomy | n | surgical removal of testicle(s) | AHD | |
| temple | n | edifice for deity worship | AHD/W7 | |
| temple | n | device in loom for stretching web transversely | AHD/W7 | |
| tmesis | n | separation of compound word by inserting other word(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| -tome | n.sfx | part, segment | AHD/W7 | |
| tome | n | volume forming part of larger work | AHD/W7 | |
| -tomy | n.sfx | section, incision | AHD/W7 | |
| tonsorial | adj | re: barber | AHD/W7 | |
| tonsure | n | rite of admission to clerical state by clipping/shaving head | AHD/W7 | |
| tylectomy | n | surgical removal of cyst/tumor | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | tempal | n.neut | temple (edifice) | ASD |
| German: | atom | n | atom | CDC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Danish: | atom | n | atom | CDC |
| Swedish: | atom | n | atom | CDC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | atomus | n.fem | atom, indivisible unit | W7 |
| contemplatus | vb.ptc | stared at | W7 | |
| contemplor, contemplāri | vb.dep | to stare at | W7 | |
| epitome | n.fem | abridgement | W7 | |
| templum | n.neut | temple: space for observation of auguries | W7 | |
| tempus | n.neut | time | W7 | |
| tomus | n.masc | tome, section, roll of papyrus | W7 | |
| tondeo, tondēre | vb | to shear | W7 | |
| tonsorius | n.masc | instrument for clipping | W7 | |
| tonsura | n.fem | act of shearing | W7 | |
| tonsus | vb.ptc | shaven | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | anatomia | n.fem | dissection | W7 |
| tmesis | n.fem | act of cutting; separation of verb from particle | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | tonsura | n.fem | shaven spot on priest's head | W7 |
| New Latin: | -tomia | sfx | -tomy, cutting | W7 |
| Portuguese: | atomo | n | atom | CDC |
| Spanish: | átomo | n | atom | CDC |
| Old French: | temple | n.masc | temple | W7 |
| Middle French: | tome | n.masc | volume, section of book | W7 |
| French: | atome | n | atom | CDC |
| Italian: | atomo | n | atom | CDC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | τάμνω, τέμνω | vb | to cut, hew, fell | LRC |
| Greek: | ἀνα-τέμνω | vb | to dissect | LRC |
| ana-tomē | n.fem | dissection | W7 | |
| ἄ-τομος | adj | atomic, indivisible | CDC | |
| ἄ-τομος | n | atom | CDC | |
| δια-τέμνω | vb | to cut through | LRC | |
| dia-tomos | adj | cut in half | W7 | |
| dicho-tomia | n.fem | dichotomy | W7 | |
| ἐπι-τέμνω | vb | to cut short | LRC | |
| epi-tomē | n.fem | epitome | W7 | |
| tendein | vb | to gnaw | W7 | |
| τμῆσις | n.fem | section, cutting; separation of verb from particle | LRC | |
| τόμος | n.masc | cut, slice; tome, section | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
