Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: tep- 'to be warm, tepid'
Semantic Field(s): Hot, Warm
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | tene | n | fire (cf. Beltane) | LRC |
| tess | n | heat | W7 | |
| tē | adj | hot | LRC | |
| Scots Gaelic: | bealltainn | n | Beltane: May Day | GE/W7 |
| Cornish: | tana | vb | to kindle (fire) | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | þefian | vb | to pant, gasp | LRC |
| Middle English: | Beltane | prop.n | Beltane | W7 |
| English: | Beltane | prop.n | Celtic May Day festival | LRC |
| tapas | n | religious austerity (Hinduism) | AHD | |
| tepid | adj | lukewarm, moderately warm | AHD/W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | þefja, þefjað | vb | to smell | ICE |
| þefr | n.masc | smell, odor, aroma; taste, flavor | IEW | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | tepeo, tepēre | vb | to be tepid | W7 |
| tepidus | adj | tepid, lukewarm | W7 | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Czech: | teplȳ | adj | warm | LRC |
| Serbo-Croatian: | tòpiti | vb | to melt | LRC |
| Old Church Slavonic: | teplъ | adj | warm | LRC |
| Russian: | tëplyj | adj | warm | LRC |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | ftoh | vb | to make cold, deprive of heat | LRC |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | tapašša- | n | fever | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | tafnuš | n | fever | LRC |
| tāpaiti | vb | to be warm | LRC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | tapaḥ | n | heat; tapas | AHD |
| tápati | vb | to heat, make warm | W7 | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | antāpce | n | fire, conflagration | LRC |
| tsāp- | vb | to make tepid | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| GE | = | Colin Mark: The Gaelic-English Dictionary (2003) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
