Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. to-, tā-, ti̯o- 'that, him (neut. or non-nom. demonstrative stem)'
Semantic Field(s): Human Being
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | lǣs | conj | lest | W7 |
| ðā | adv/conj | then, when | LRC | |
| ðænne | adv | then | W7 | |
| ðǣr | adv | then, there, where | GED | |
| ðæs | art.def | the | W7 | |
| ðæt | adv/conj | that | ASD/W7 | |
| ðæt | dem.art/pron.neut | that, it | ASD/RPN | |
| ðanon | adv | thence | W7 | |
| ðāra | adv | there | GED | |
| ðās | pron | those | W7 | |
| ðe | adv/conj/pron.rel | that, who, which | ASD/W7 | |
| ðe | dem.art/pron.masc | that, he | W7 | |
| ðēah | adv | nevertheless | W7 | |
| ðes | n | this | W7 | |
| þider | adv | thither | W7 | |
| ðis | adj/pron.neut | this | W7 | |
| ðonne | adv | then | W7 | |
| Middle English: | both(e), boþ(e), bath | adj/pron | both | MEV/W7 |
| leste | conj | lest | W7 | |
| natheless | adv | natheless, nevertheless, notwithstanding | W7 | |
| than | adv/conj | then, than | W7 | |
| thanne(s) | adv | thence | W7 | |
| that | art/pron | that | W7 | |
| the | adv/art.def | the | W7 | |
| their | adj/pron | their | W7 | |
| then | adv/conj | then, than | W7 | |
| there | adv | there | W7 | |
| they | pron | they | W7 | |
| this | art/pron | this | W7 | |
| thither | adv | thither | W7 | |
| those | art/pron | these | W7 | |
| though | adv | though | W7 | |
| thus | adv | thus | W7 | |
| English: | both | adj/pron | two, one and another | AHD/W7 |
| decoy | n | pond into which fowl are lured | AHD/W7 | |
| lest | conj | for fear that | AHD/W7 | |
| natheless | adv | notwithstanding, nevertheless | AHD/W7 | |
| tales | n.pl | people filling jury vacancies | AHD/CDC | |
| talesman | n | person filling jury vacancy | W7 | |
| tandem | n | 2-seated carriage pulled by horses harnessed one in front of another | AHD/W7 | |
| tantamount | adj | equivalent in value/effect/significance | AHD/W7 | |
| than | conj | second member (point of departure in comparison expressing inequality) | AHD/W7 | |
| that, those | dem.art/pron | thing/person/idea indicated/mentioned/understood from (remote) situation | AHD/W7 | |
| that | adv | to such an extent | W7 | |
| that | conj | [function word introducing clause] | W7 | |
| the | adv | than before/otherwise | AHD/W7 | |
| the | art.def | re: someone/something clearly understood/previously mentioned | AHD/W7 | |
| their | adj | re: them(selves) as possessors | AHD/W7 | |
| then | adv | at that time | AHD/W7 | |
| thence | adv | from that place | AHD/W7 | |
| there | adv | in/at that place | AHD/W7 | |
| they, them | pron.3.pl.nom/obj | those ones | AHD/W7 | |
| this, these | dem.art/pron | thing/person/idea near/present in time/place/thought | AHD/W7 | |
| thither | adv | there, to that place | AHD/W7 | |
| though | adv | however, nevertheless | AHD/W7 | |
| thus | adv | in this/that way/manner | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ðer | adv | there, then | GED |
| thā | adv/conj | then, when | ASD | |
| thāch | adv/conj | yet, still, however, nevertheless | ASD | |
| thēr | adv | there, where | ASD | |
| thet | conj | that | ASD | |
| this, thisse | dem.pron.masc | this | ASD | |
| thit, this | dem.pron.neut | this | ASD | |
| thius, thisse | dem.pron.fem | this | ASD | |
| Middle Dutch: | dus | adv | thus | W7 |
| Dutch: | dan | conj | than | TLL |
| dat | conj | that | TLL | |
| de | art.def.masc | the | W7 | |
| deze | dem.art/pron | this | LRC | |
| indien | conj | if | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | ðar | adv | there, then | GED |
| thār | adv | there, where | ASD | |
| that | conj | that | ASD | |
| the | adv/conj/pron.rel | that, who, which | ASD | |
| thit | dem.pron.neut | this | ASD | |
| thius | dem.pron.fem | this | ASD | |
| thō, thuo | adv/conj | then, when | ASD | |
| thōh | adv/conj | yet, still, however, nevertheless | ASD | |
| Old Low German: | thār | adv | there, where | ASD |
| Old High German: | bēde, beide | adj/pron | both | GED/W7 |
| dār, dāra | adv | there, where | ASD/W7 | |
| dara | adv | to there | GED | |
| daz | conj | that | ASD | |
| daz | dem.art/pron | that | W7 | |
| denne | adv/conj | then, than | W7 | |
| dese, desiu, diz | dem.art/pron | this | ASD/W7 | |
| dō | adv/conj | then, when | ASD | |
| doh | adv | though | W7 | |
| doh | adv/conj | yet, still, however, nevertheless | ASD | |
| ðanan | adv | thence | W7 | |
| ðar | adv | there, then | GED | |
| German: | beide | adj/pron | both | LRC |
| damit | conj | in order that | TLL | |
| dass | conj | that | TLL | |
| der, die, das | art.def | the | LRC | |
| dieser, diese, dies(es) | dem.art/pron | this | LRC | |
| dort | adv | there | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | bāðir | adj/pron | both | GED |
| ðar | adv | there, in that place | LRC | |
| ðaþra | adj | there | W7 | |
| ðá | adv | then | LRC | |
| ðeir | pron.3.pl | they | W7 | |
| ðeirra | pron.3.pl.poss | their | W7 | |
| ðō | adv | (and) yet, however, nevertheless | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | ðar | adv | there, then | GED |
| ðat | dem.pron | that, it | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | ðat | conj | that | ASD |
| það | pron.3.sg.neut.nom/acc | it | TLL | |
| þau | pron.3.pl.neut.nom/acc | they | TLL | |
| þá | adv/conj | then, when | ASD | |
| þeim | pron.3.pl.dat | them | TLL | |
| þeirra | pron.3.pl.gen | their | TLL | |
| þess | pron.3.sg.neut.gen | its | TLL | |
| þessi, þessi, þetta | dem.pron | this | ASD | |
| þó | adv/conj | yet, still, however, nevertheless | ASD | |
| þvi | pron.3.sg.neut.dat | (to) it | TLL | |
| Danish: | de | pron.3.pl.nom | they | TLL |
| dem | pron.3.pl.dat/acc | (to) them | TLL | |
| den | pron.3.sg.comm | it | TLL | |
| dens | pron.3.sg.neut.gen | its | TLL | |
| deres | pron.3.pl.gen | their | TLL | |
| det | pron.3.sg.neut.nom/acc | it | TLL | |
| Swedish: | de | pron.3.pl.nom | they | TLL |
| dem | pron.3.pl.dat/acc | (to) them | TLL | |
| den | pron.3.sg.comm | it | TLL | |
| deras | pron.3.pl.gen | their | TLL | |
| dess | pron.3.sg.neut.gen | its | TLL | |
| dessa | dem.pron.pl | these | TLL | |
| det | pron.3.sg.neut | it | TLL | |
| där | adv | there | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ðar | adv | there | LRC |
| ðata | dem.art | that, this, the | LRC | |
| ðaþrō | adv | thence | LRC | |
| ðei | conj | as, that, so that | LRC | |
| þauh | adv/conj | yet, still, however, nevertheless | ASD | |
| Crimean Gothic: | *þe, the | art.def | the | CGo |
| *þo, tho | art.def | the | CGo | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | istud | dem.pron.neut | this, that | W7 |
| tālis | adj | such, suchlike, of such kind | ELD | |
| tam | adv | so | W7 | |
| tamen | conj | but, nevertheless | LRC | |
| tamquam | adv | just as, as if | LRC | |
| tandem | adv | finally; at one, thus, anyways | LRC | |
| tantus, tanta, tantum | adj | such, only | LRC | |
| tot | adj | so much, so many | LRC | |
| tum | adv | then | LRC | |
| Portuguese: | tanto | conj | as | TLL |
| Spanish: | tan | conj | as | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | čià | adv | here | LRC |
| čionaĩ | adv | here | LRC | |
| tàs, tà | dem.pron | this, that | LRC | |
| Latvian: | tas, tā | dem.pron | that | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | tamo | adv | there, to that place, thither | LRC |
| to | conj | but, then, therefore | LRC | |
| tъ | dem.pron | that, that one | LRC | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | tani | adv | now | IEW |
| të | adv/conj | where | IEW | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | τό | dem.art.neut | the, this, that | LRC |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hieroglyphic Luwian: | tas | dem.art | this | RPN |
| Hittite: | ta | conn | [sentence connective] | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | tád | dem.art | this, that | RPN |
| tár-hi | adv | then | GED | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | te | dem.pron | this one, it | RPN |
| Tocharian A: | täm | dem.art | this | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| art | = | article/determiner |
| comm | = | common (gender) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| conn | = | connective |
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| def | = | definite |
| dem | = | demonstrative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| gen | = | genitive (case) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| nom | = | nominative (case) |
| obj | = | objective (case) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| poss | = | possessive (case) |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| rel | = | relative |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
