Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. trep- 'to bow the head, turn away in shame'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend, Shame (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | contreven, controven | vb | to contrive | W7 |
| retreven | vb | to retrieve | W7 | |
| tropik | n | tropic | W7 | |
| English: | apotropaic | adj | averting evil | AHD |
| contrive | vb | to plan, devise | AHD/W7 | |
| nyctitropism | n | tendency of plant leaves to change position at nightfall | AHD | |
| retrieve | vb | to discover/bring in (killed/wounded game) | AHD/W7 | |
| thixotropy | n | (gel) becoming fluid when stirred/shaken but returning to semisolid state when standing | AHD | |
| trope | n | figure of speech, figurative sense | AHD/W7 | |
| trophallaxis | n | mutual exchange of food among social insects | AHD | |
| trophy | n | memorial of ancient (Greek/Roman) victory | AHD/W7 | |
| tropic | n | circle on celestial sphere (23 1/2 degrees from equator) | AHD/W7 | |
| tropism | n | involuntary turning/curving by organism | W7 | |
| trop(o)- | pfx | turn, change, turning | AHD/W7 | |
| -tropous | adj | re: turning/curving, exhibiting tropism | AHD/W7 | |
| troubadour | n | lyric poet/minstrel/musician from France/Provence/Italy | AHD/W7 | |
| trover | n | common law action recovering (value of) goods wrongfully taken | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | trepit | vb.3.sg | he turns | W7 |
| trop(h)aeum | n.neut | trophy | W7 | |
| tropicus | adj | re: tropic/solstice | W7 | |
| tropus | n.masc | trope, way, style, manner | W7 | |
| turpis, turpis, turpe | adj | shameful, disgraceful | LRC | |
| Vulgar Latin: | tropo, tropare | vb | to compose (poetry) | W7 |
| Late Latin: | controparo, contropāre | vb | to compare | W7 |
| Middle French: | controver | vb | to contrive | W7 |
| retrouver | vb | to retrieve, find again | W7 | |
| trophée | n.masc | trophy | W7 | |
| tro(u)ver | vb | to find | W7 | |
| French: | troubadour | n.masc | troubadour | W7 |
| Old Provençal: | trobador | n.masc | troubadour | W7 |
| trobar | vb | to compose poetry | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Doric: | τράπω | vb | to turn | LRC |
| Homeric Greek: | τροπέω | vb | to turn about | LRC |
| Greek: | ἀποτρόπαιος | adj | apotropaic | LS |
| πολύτροπος | adj | much-turned, much-traveled | LRC | |
| τρέπω | vb | to turn | LRC | |
| τρόπαιον | n.neut | trophy; scarecrow | LRC | |
| τροπαῖος | adj | re: turning, defeat | LS | |
| τροπή | n.fem | turn, rout | LRC | |
| τροπικός | adj | re: tropic/solstice | LRC | |
| τρόπος | n.masc | trope, way, style, manner | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
