Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: tres-, ters-, *teres- 'to quiver, tremble'
Semantic Field(s): to Shake
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | terrible | adj | terrible | W7 |
| terror | n | terror | W7 | |
| English: | deter | vb.trans | to turn aside, prevent/discourage from acting | AHD/W7 |
| terrible | adj | terrifying, exciting terror | AHD/W7 | |
| terrific | adj | terrible, exciting fear/awe | AHD/W7 | |
| terrify | vb | to fill with terror | W7 | |
| terror | n | state of intense fear | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | dēterreo, dēterrēre | vb | to deter, frighten, terrify | W7 |
| terreo, terrēre, terrui, territus | vb | to terrify, frighten | LRC | |
| terribilis | adj | terrible | W7 | |
| terrificus | adj | terrific | W7 | |
| terror | n.masc | fear, dread, fright, terror | RPN | |
| Middle French: | terreur | n.fem | terror, fright | W7 |
| terrible | adj | terrible | W7 | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | τρέω | vb | to quiver, tremble, be afraid | RPN |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | tərəs- | vb | to be afraid | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | trásati | vb | to quiver, tremble | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
