Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: tr-eu-d- 'to thrust, push, press, squash'
Semantic Field(s): to Push, Shove, to Press
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | þrēat | n.masc | band, troop; threat, compulsion | LRC |
| Middle English: | thret | n | threat, compulsion | W7 |
| thristen | vb | to thrust | W7 | |
| thrusten | vb | to thrust | W7 | |
| English: | abstruse | adj | recondite, difficult to comprehend | AHD/W7 |
| extrude | vb | to push/press/force out | AHD/W7 | |
| intrude | vb | to thrust oneself in | AHD/W7 | |
| obtrude | vb | to extrude, thrust out | AHD/W7 | |
| protrude | vb | to thrust forward | AHD/W7 | |
| threat | n | coercion via warning re: evil/damage/injury | AHD/W7 | |
| thrust, thrust | vb | to push/shove/drive with force | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle High German: | drōz | n.masc | annoyance, molestation | ASD/W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | þrȳsta | vb | to thrust, push | W7 |
| Icelandic: | þraut | n.fem | labor, struggle, hard task | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | abstrūdō, abstrūdere | vb | to conceal | W7 |
| abstrusus, abtrusa, abstrusum | adj | abstruse, secret, concealed | W7 | |
| dētrūdō, dētrūdere, dētrūsī, dētrūsus | vb | to dislodge, thrust away | LRC | |
| extrūdō, extrūdere | vb | to extrude | W7 | |
| intrūdō, intrūdere | vb | to intrude | W7 | |
| obtrūdō, obtrūdere | vb | to obtrude | W7 | |
| prōtrūdō, prōtrūdere | vb | to protrude | W7 | |
| trūdō, trūdere | vb | to thrust | W7 | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | trudъ | n.masc | labor | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
