Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: tū̆ 'thou, you'
Semantic Field(s): Human Being
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | taí | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN |
| tú | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
| Scots Gaelic: | tu | pron.2.sg.nom/acc/dat | you | TLL |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ðīn | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | ASD/W7 |
| ðū | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | W7 | |
| Middle English: | thin | pron.2.sg.poss | thine | W7 |
| thou | pron.2.sg | thou | W7 | |
| thy | pron.2.sg.poss | thy | W7 | |
| English: | thee | pron.2.sg.obj | you | LRC |
| thine | pron.2.sg.poss | your(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| thou | pron.2.sg.nom | you | AHD/W7 | |
| thy | pron.2.sg.poss | your, re: you/yourself as possessor | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | thīn | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | ASD |
| thu | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | thu | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | ASD |
| Old Low German: | thīn | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | ASD |
| Old High German: | dīn | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | ASD |
| dū | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | W7 | |
| German: | dein | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | LRC |
| dich | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | TLL | |
| dir | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | TLL | |
| du | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | þú | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | LRC |
| Icelandic: | þið | pron.2.du | you two | TLL |
| þik | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | TLL | |
| þinn | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | ASD | |
| þjér | pron.2.pl | you | TLL | |
| þú | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | ASD | |
| Danish: | dig | pron.2.sg.dat/acc | (to) thee | TLL |
| din | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | TLL | |
| du | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | TLL | |
| Swedish: | dej | pron.2.sg.dat/acc.colq | (to) thee | TLL |
| dig | pron.2.sg.dat/acc | (to) thee | TLL | |
| din | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | TLL | |
| du | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | þeina | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN |
| þeins | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | ASD | |
| þu | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | LRC | |
| þuk | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN | |
| þus | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | RPN | |
| Crimean Gothic: | *þo, tzo | pron.2.sg | you | CGo |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | tēd | pron.2.sg | you | RPN |
| Latin: | tē | pron.2.sg.abl | you | RPN |
| tē | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN | |
| tibī | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | RPN | |
| tū | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | LRC | |
| tuī | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN | |
| Italian: | te | pron.2.sg.acc/dat | (to) thee | TLL |
| tu | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | TLL | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | táv | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | RPN |
| tavę̀ | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN | |
| tavę̃s | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN | |
| tavimì | pron.2.sg.inst | thee | RPN | |
| tavyjè | pron.2.sg.loc | you | RPN | |
| tù | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | tvoi | adj | thy | LRC |
| tebe | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN | |
| tebe | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
| tebě | pron.2.sg.dat/loc | (to) thee | RPN | |
| ti | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
| tobojǫ | pron.2.sg.inst | you | RPN | |
| ty | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | LRC | |
| tę | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN | |
| Russian: | tebe | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | TLL |
| tebya | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | TLL | |
| ti | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | TLL | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | teje | pron.2.sg.abl | you | RPN |
| të, ti | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
| ty | pron.2.sg.dat/acc | thee | RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Doric: | τέ | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN |
| τέος | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN | |
| τοι | pron.2.sg | you | RPN | |
| τοί | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | RPN | |
| τύ | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
| Greek: | σύ | pron.2.sg | you | LRC |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Luwian: | ti-i | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN |
| Hittite: | -ta | enc.pron.2.sg.obl | thee | RPN |
| -ta-aš | enc.pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN | |
| -te-it | enc.pron.2.sg.inst | you | RPN | |
| -te-it | enc.pron.2.sg.neut | you | RPN | |
| -ti | enc.pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | RPN | |
| -ti-in | enc.pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN | |
| -ti-iš | enc.pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
| tu-e-da-az | pron.2.sg.abl | you | RPN | |
| tu-(e-)el | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN | |
| tu-e-ta-za | pron.2.sg | you | RPN | |
| tu-ga | pron.2.sg | you | RPN | |
| tu-uk | pron.2.sg.dat/acc | thee | RPN | |
| zi-ga | pron.2.sg | you | RPN | |
| zi-ik | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
| Palaic: | ti-i | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN |
| tu-ú | pron.2.sg.dat/acc | thee | RPN | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | du | pron.2.sg | thou | LRC |
| Armenian: | du | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | tū | pron.2.sg | you | RPN |
| tūm | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | táva | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN |
| túbhyam | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | RPN | |
| te | enc.pron.2.sg.gen/dat | you(r) | RPN | |
| tvát | pron.2.sg.abl | you | RPN | |
| tvám | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
| tváyā | pron.2.sg.inst | thee | RPN | |
| tváyi | pron.2.sg.loc | you | RPN | |
| tvā | enc.pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN | |
| tvā́m | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 2 | = | 2nd person |
| abl | = | ablative (case) |
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| colq | = | colloquial |
| dat | = | dative (case) |
| du | = | dual (number) |
| enc | = | enclitic |
| gen | = | genitive (case) |
| inst | = | instrumental (case) |
| loc | = | locative (case) |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| nom | = | nominative (case) |
| obj | = | objective (case) |
| obl | = | oblique (case) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| poss | = | possessive (case) |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |