Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: tū̆ 'thou, you'
Semantic Field(s): Human Being
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | taí | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN |
tú | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
Scots Gaelic: | tu | pron.2.sg.nom/acc/dat | you | TLL |
English | ||||
Old English: | ðīn | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | ASD/W7 |
ðū | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | W7 | |
Middle English: | thin | pron.2.sg.poss | thine | W7 |
thou | pron.2.sg | thou | W7 | |
thy | pron.2.sg.poss | thy | W7 | |
English: | thee | pron.2.sg.obj | you | LRC |
thine | pron.2.sg.poss | your(s) | AHD/W7 | |
thou | pron.2.sg.nom | you | AHD/W7 | |
thy | pron.2.sg.poss | your, re: you/yourself as possessor | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | thīn | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | ASD |
thu | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | thu | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | ASD |
Old Low German: | thīn | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | ASD |
Old High German: | dīn | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | ASD |
dū | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | W7 | |
German: | dein | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | LRC |
dich | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | TLL | |
dir | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | TLL | |
du | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | þú | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | LRC |
Icelandic: | þið | pron.2.du | you two | TLL |
þik | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | TLL | |
þinn | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | ASD | |
þjér | pron.2.pl | you | TLL | |
þú | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | ASD | |
Danish: | dig | pron.2.sg.dat/acc | (to) thee | TLL |
din | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | TLL | |
du | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | TLL | |
Swedish: | dej | pron.2.sg.dat/acc.colq | (to) thee | TLL |
dig | pron.2.sg.dat/acc | (to) thee | TLL | |
din | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | TLL | |
du | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | þeina | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN |
þeins | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | ASD | |
þu | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | LRC | |
þuk | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN | |
þus | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | RPN | |
Crimean Gothic: | *þo, tzo | pron.2.sg | you | CGo |
Italic | ||||
Old Latin: | tēd | pron.2.sg | you | RPN |
Latin: | tē | pron.2.sg.abl | you | RPN |
tē | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN | |
tibī | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | RPN | |
tū | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | LRC | |
tuī | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN | |
Italian: | te | pron.2.sg.acc/dat | (to) thee | TLL |
tu | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | TLL | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | táv | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | RPN |
tavę̀ | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN | |
tavę̃s | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN | |
tavimì | pron.2.sg.inst | thee | RPN | |
tavyjè | pron.2.sg.loc | you | RPN | |
tù | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | LRC | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | tvoi | adj | thy | LRC |
tebe | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN | |
tebe | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
tebě | pron.2.sg.dat/loc | (to) thee | RPN | |
ti | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
tobojǫ | pron.2.sg.inst | you | RPN | |
ty | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | LRC | |
tę | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN | |
Russian: | tebe | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | TLL |
tebya | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | TLL | |
ti | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | TLL | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | teje | pron.2.sg.abl | you | RPN |
të, ti | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
ty | pron.2.sg.dat/acc | thee | RPN | |
Hellenic | ||||
Doric: | τέ | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN |
τέος | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN | |
τοι | pron.2.sg | you | RPN | |
τοί | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | RPN | |
τύ | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
Greek: | σύ | pron.2.sg | you | LRC |
Anatolian | ||||
Luwian: | ti-i | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN |
Hittite: | -ta | enc.pron.2.sg.obl | thee | RPN |
-ta-aš | enc.pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN | |
-te-it | enc.pron.2.sg.inst | you | RPN | |
-te-it | enc.pron.2.sg.neut | you | RPN | |
-ti | enc.pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | RPN | |
-ti-in | enc.pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN | |
-ti-iš | enc.pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
tu-e-da-az | pron.2.sg.abl | you | RPN | |
tu-(e-)el | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN | |
tu-e-ta-za | pron.2.sg | you | RPN | |
tu-ga | pron.2.sg | you | RPN | |
tu-uk | pron.2.sg.dat/acc | thee | RPN | |
zi-ga | pron.2.sg | you | RPN | |
zi-ik | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
Palaic: | ti-i | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN |
tu-ú | pron.2.sg.dat/acc | thee | RPN | |
Armenian | ||||
Classical Armenian: | du | pron.2.sg | thou | LRC |
Armenian: | du | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | tū | pron.2.sg | you | RPN |
tūm | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | táva | pron.2.sg.gen | thy, thine | RPN |
túbhyam | pron.2.sg.dat | (to) thee | RPN | |
te | enc.pron.2.sg.gen/dat | you(r) | RPN | |
tvát | pron.2.sg.abl | you | RPN | |
tvám | pron.2.sg.nom | thou | RPN | |
tváyā | pron.2.sg.inst | thee | RPN | |
tváyi | pron.2.sg.loc | you | RPN | |
tvā | enc.pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN | |
tvā́m | pron.2.sg.acc | thee | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
2 | = | 2nd person |
abl | = | ablative (case) |
acc | = | accusative (case) |
adj | = | adjective |
colq | = | colloquial |
dat | = | dative (case) |
du | = | dual (number) |
enc | = | enclitic |
gen | = | genitive (case) |
inst | = | instrumental (case) |
loc | = | locative (case) |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
nom | = | nominative (case) |
obj | = | objective (case) |
obl | = | oblique (case) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
poss | = | possessive (case) |
pron | = | pronoun |
sg | = | singular (number) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |