Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. tu̯ak- 'to bathe'
Semantic Field(s): to Wash
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | þwēal | n.masc/neut | washing, laundry; soap, ointment | ASD/IEW |
| þwēan, þwōh, þwōgon, þwogen | vb.str | to wash, bathe, cleanse | ASD/IEW | |
| Middle English: | towaille | n | towel | W7 |
| English: | towel | n | absorbent cloth for wiping/drying | IEW/W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | twahila | n.fem | towel | IEW |
| Old High German: | dwahan | vb | to wash | IEW |
| dwahila | n.masc | towel | IEW | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | þvá | vb | to wash, bathe | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | þvál | n | soap | IEW |
| þváttr | n | washing, laundry | IEW | |
| Swedish: | tvål | n | soap | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | þwahan | vb | to bathe | IEW |
| Italic | ||||
| Old French: | toaille | n | towel | W7 |
| French: | touaille | n | towel | IEW |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
