Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. tu̯ei-, extended tu̯ei-s- 'to shake, excite, move back and forth, shimmer'
Semantic Field(s): to Shake, to Shine, Glisten
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | þwītan, þwāt, þwiton, þwiten | vb.str | to thwite | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | sistrum | n | sistrum | W7 |
| thwitel | n | whittle | W7 | |
| thwiten | vb | to thwite | W7 | |
| whittel | n | whittle | W7 | |
| English: | doit | n | old Dutch coin | AHD/W7 |
| seism | n | earthquake | AHD/W7 | |
| seismo- | pfx | re: seism, vibration | AHD/W7 | |
| sistrum | n | ancient Egyptian percussion instrument | AHD/W7 | |
| thwite | vb | to cut, shape, whittle | OED | |
| whittle | n | large knife | AHD/W7 | |
| whittle | vb | to pare/cut off chips with knife | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | duit | n | a coin | W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | þveita | vb | to thwite, hew | W7 |
| þveiti | n | small coin | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | þveita | n | small axe | ASD |
| þveit(i) | n | cut-off piece, parcel of land | ASD | |
| þvita | n | kind of axe | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | sistrum | n.neut | sistrum, rattle | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | σείω | vb | to shake, move to/fro | LS |
| Greek: | σεισμός | n.masc | shock, seism, commotion | LS |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
