Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: tu̯erk̑- 'to cut'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | anasarca | n | anasarca | AHD |
| English: | anasarca | n | edema with serum accumulation in connective tissue | AHD/W7 |
| perisarc | n | outer chitinous integument of hydroid | AHD/W7 | |
| sarcasm | n | gibe, cutting/hostile/contemptuous remark | AHD/W7 | |
| sarc(o)- | pfx | flesh | AHD | |
| sarcodinian | n | protozoan that forms pseudopods to move/capture food | AHD | |
| sarcoid | adj | fleshy, re: flesh | AHD/W7 | |
| sarcolemma | n | thin membrane enclosing striated muscle fiber | AHD | |
| sarcoma | n | cancer, malignant neoplasm | AHD/W7 | |
| sarcophagus | n | limestone coffin | AHD/W7 | |
| sarcoptic | adj | re: sarcoptid mites | AHD | |
| sarcoptid | adj | re: itch/mange (mites) | AHD | |
| sarcous | adj | fleshy, re: flesh/muscle tissue | AHD | |
| syssarcosis | n | junction of bones via attached muscles | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| German: | Sarkasmus | n.masc | sarcasm | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | sarcophagus | adj/n.masc | flesh-eating; coffin, sarcophagus | W7 |
| trux, trucis | adj | fierce | LRC | |
| Medieval Latin: | anasarca | n | anasarca | AHD |
| New Latin: | anasarca | n.fem | anasarca | W7 |
| sarcoma | n.fem | sarcoma | W7 | |
| syssarcosis | n.fem | syssarcosis | W7 | |
| French: | sarcasme | n.masc | sarcasm, injury | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | σάρξ | n.fem | flesh | LRC |
| Greek: | σαρκάζω | vb | to tear flesh; sneer, bite lips in rage | LRC |
| sarkasmos | n.masc | bitter laughter | W7 | |
| sarkoeidēs | adj | like flesh | W7 | |
| sarkoun | vb | to grow flesh | W7 | |
| σαρκο-φάγος | adj/n.masc | flesh-eating; coffin, sarcophagus | LRC | |
| sarkōma | n.neut | sarcoma, fleshy growth | W7 | |
| syssarkousthai | vb | to be overgrown with flesh | W7 | |
| syssarkōsis | n.fem | being overgrown with flesh | W7 | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | thwar | vb | to cut | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
