Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ū̆d- 'out, away, up(wards)'
Semantic Field(s): Far (adj)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | abūtan | adv/prep | about | ASD/W7 |
| būtan, būton, būtun | adv/conj/prep | outside, without, except (that) | ASD/W7 | |
| or- | pfx | from, without; early, original | ASD | |
| or-eald | adj | very old, lit. from (of) old | ASD | |
| or-þanc | adj | cunning, skillful | ASD | |
| or-þanc | n.masc/neut | device, artifice, skillful work/contrivance | ASD | |
| ūt | adv | out, beyond, without, outside | LRC | |
| ūtera, ūtor | adj/adv.comp | outer | ASD/W7 | |
| ūter-mere | n.masc | open sea, lit. outer sea | LRC | |
| ūte-weard | adj | outward | LRC | |
| ūtmest | adj.sup | last, utmost | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | about | adv | whereabouts | W7 |
| boute | prep | without | MEV | |
| but, bot(e) | adv/conj | but | MEV/W7 | |
| ort | n | ort | AHD/W7 | |
| out | prep | out | W7 | |
| utmest, utmost | adj | utmost | W7 | |
| utter | adv | outside | W7 | |
| uttren | vb | to utter | W7 | |
| English: | about | adv | around, on all sides | AHD/W7 |
| auslander | n | alien, outsider, foreigner | AHD | |
| but | adv/conj | only, merely; unless, except (for) | AHD/W7 | |
| carouse | n | large cup of liquor (emptied/consumed) | AHD/W7 | |
| hubris | n | arrogance, overweening pride/self-confidence | AHD/W7 | |
| hysteresis | n | retardation of effect of force(s) | AHD/W7 | |
| Orald | prop.n | a.k.a. Tom Bombadil in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| ort | n | scrap, morsel left after meal | AHD/W7 | |
| Orthanc | prop.n | Saruman's tower in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| out | prep | in direction away from inside/center | AHD/W7 | |
| uitlander | n | foreigner, lit. outlander | AHD | |
| Ursprache | prop.n | parent language, esp. a proto-language (i.e. reconstructed from later evidence) | LRC | |
| utmost | adj | extreme, situated at farthest/most distant point | AHD/W7 | |
| utter | adj | total, absolute | AHD/W7 | |
| utter | vb.trans | to offer for sale | AHD/W7 | |
| vigorish | n | charge taken on bets | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | buta | prep | out, against, without | ASD |
| ūta-werd | adj | outward, extreme | ASD | |
| ūtera | adj | outer, outmost | ASD | |
| Frisian: | buten | prep | out, against, without | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | oor | adv/prep | out | AHD |
| Dutch: | buiten | prep | out, against, without | ASD |
| uit | prep | out of | TLL | |
| Afrikaans: | uitlander | n | uitlander | AHD |
| Old Saxon: | būtan, bōtan | prep | out, against, without | ASD |
| ūt | adv | out, beyond | ASD | |
| Old High German: | būzan | adv/conj/prep | without, except | W7 |
| uralt | adj | very old | ASD | |
| urdanc, urdank | n.str.masc | idea, invention, fabrication | LRC | |
| ūz | prep/adv | out, beyond | ASD/W7 | |
| ūzero | adj | outer, outmost | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | ūz | prep | out | AHD |
| German: | aus | prep | out | LRC |
| Ausländer | n.masc | auslander | LRC | |
| ausländisch | adj | foreign, alien, exotic | LRC | |
| ausserhalb | prep | outside | TLL | |
| bauszen | prep | out, without, against | ASD | |
| Garaus | n.masc | termination | W7 | |
| ur- | pfx | primitive | W7 | |
| Ursprache | n.fem | Ursprache | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | ór | prep | from, (out) of; with the material of | LRC |
| útar | adv.comp | farther out | LRC | |
| úti | adv | outside, out at sea, unsheltered | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | út | adv | out, beyond | ASD |
| Danish: | ud | prep | out of | TLL |
| uden | prep | without | TLL | |
| udenfor | prep | outside | TLL | |
| Swedish: | ut | prep | out of | TLL |
| utan | prep | without | TLL | |
| utanför | prep | outside | TLL | |
| utom | prep | except | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | us | prep | from, out (of) | LRC |
| ūt | adv | out, beyond | ASD | |
| ūta | adv | out, without | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Middle French: | carous | adv | all out, emptied | W7 |
| carrousse | adv | all out, emptied | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | uz | prep | on, for, upon | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ὕβρις | n.fem | hubris, outrage, wantonness | LS |
| ὑστερέω | vb | to come late, fall short | LS | |
| ὑστέρησις | n.fem | need, shortcoming, hysteresis | LS | |
| ὕστερον | adv | later | LRC | |
| ὕστερος | adj | later, subsequent | LS | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ud | prep | up, out | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| comp | = | comparative |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| sup | = | superlative |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
