Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. u̯ā- '(to pull) apart'
Semantic Field(s): to Draw, Pull, to Tear
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | meniver | n | miniver | W7 |
| varien | vb | to vary | W7 | |
| veir | n | vair | W7 | |
| English: | miniver | n | white fur worn by medieval nobles | AHD/W7 |
| vair | n | bluish gray/white squirrel fur | AHD/W7 | |
| variety | n | different forms/types | AHD/W7 | |
| variola | n | viral disease marked by pustular eruption | AHD/W7 | |
| variorum | n | classical author's text/edition with notes by others | AHD/W7 | |
| various | adj | inconstant, variable | AHD/W7 | |
| varix | n | abnormally dilated/lengthened vein/artery/lymph vessel | AHD/W7 | |
| vary | vb | to make different/partial change in some attribute/characteristic | AHD/W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | varietas, varietatis | n.fem | variety | W7 |
| variō, variāre, variāvī, variātum | vb | to vary, diversify | LRC | |
| varius, varia, varium | adj | various, variegated | LRC | |
| varix, varicis | n.masc | varix, broken blood vessel | W7 | |
| varus | adj | bent, crooked | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | variola | n.fem | pox, pustule | W7 |
| New Latin: | variola | n.fem | cowpox, smallpox | W7 |
| Old French: | vair | adj | variegated | W7 |
| vair | n.masc | vair | W7 | |
| Middle French: | varier | vb | to vary | W7 |
| varieté | n.fem | variety | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
