Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. u̯ē̆-, u̯ei- 'we two (dual), we (plural)'
Semantic Field(s): Human Being
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | wē | pron.1.pl | we | W7 |
wit | pron.1.du | we two | W7 | |
Middle English: | we | pron.1.pl | we | W7 |
English: | we | pron.1.pl | I (and you) and any others | AHD/W7 |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | wī | pron.1.pl | we | ASD |
Dutch: | we | pron.1.pl.nom | we [atonic form] | TLL |
wij | pron.1.pl.nom | we | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | wī | pron.1.pl | we | ASD |
wit | pron.1.du | we two | ASD | |
Old High German: | wir | pron.1.pl | we | W7 |
German: | wir | pron.1.pl | we | LRC |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | vér | pron.1.pl | we | LRC |
vit | pron.1.du | we two | LRC | |
Icelandic: | vér | pron.1.pl | we | ASD |
við | pron.1.du | we two | TLL | |
vit | pron.1.du | we two | ASD | |
vjér | pron.1.pl | we | TLL | |
vor | pron.1.pl.gen | our | TLL | |
Danish: | vi | pron.1.pl.nom | we | TLL |
vor | pron.1.pl.gen | our | TLL | |
Swedish: | vi | pron.1.pl.nom | we | TLL |
vår | pron.1.pl.gen | our | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | weis | pron.1.pl | we | LRC |
wit | pron.1.du | we two | LRC | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | vayam | pron.1.pl | we | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
1 | = | 1st person |
du | = | dual (number) |
gen | = | genitive (case) |
nom | = | nominative (case) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
pron | = | pronoun |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |