Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. u̯ebh- 'to plait, weave, waver, move back and forth'
Semantic Field(s): to Plait, to Weave
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ōwef | n | woof | W7 | 
| wǣfre | adj | restless | W7 | |
| wafian | vb | to wave (with hands) | W7 | |
| webbestre | n.fem | (female) weaver | W7 | |
| webbian | vb.wk | to weave, contrive | ASD/W7 | |
| wefan, wæf, wǣfon, wefen | vb.str | to weave, contrive | W7 | |
| wifel | n.masc | weevil, beetle | W7 | |
| Middle English: | oof | n | woof | W7 | 
| wafer | n | wafer | W7 | |
| waven | vb | to wave | W7 | |
| waveren | vb | to waver | W7 | |
| web | n | web | W7 | |
| webster | n | webster | W7 | |
| weft | n | weft | W7 | |
| wevel | n | weevil | W7 | |
| weven | vb | to weave | W7 | |
| English: | goffer | vb.trans | to flute, crimp | AHD/W7 | 
| hypha | n | one of threads in fungus mycelium | AHD/W7 | |
| wafer | n | thin crisp cake/cracker | AHD/W7 | |
| waffle | n | crisp pancake | AHD/W7 | |
| wave | vb | to flutter, move loosely to/fro, float/play/shake in air | AHD/W7 | |
| waver | vb.intrans | to vacillate, fluctuate in opinion/allegiance/direction | AHD/W7 | |
| weave, wove, woven | vb.str | to make (cloth) by interlacing strands (of yarn) | AHD/W7 | |
| weave | vb.wk.intrans | to sway, waver from side to side | AHD/W7 | |
| web | n | fabric on/being removed from loom | AHD/W7 | |
| webster | n | weaver | AHD/W7 | |
| weevil | n | small beetle injurious to nuts/fruit/grain/plants | AHD/W7 | |
| weft | n | woof | AHD/W7 | |
| wobble | vb | to move/rock/stagger clumsily/unsteadily side-to-side | AHD/W7 | |
| woof | n | filling thread/yarn in weaving | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Middle Dutch: | wafel | n | waffle | W7 | 
| wafer | n | wafer | W7 | |
| Dutch: | weven | vb | to weave | LRC | 
| Old Low German: | gold-uuivil | n.masc | weevil, beetle | ASD | 
| Low German: | wabbeln | vb | to wobble | W7 | 
| Old High German: | weban | vb | to weave | W7 | 
| wibil | n.masc | weevil, beetle | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | wabbeln | vb | to wobble | LRC | 
| Waffel | n.fem | waffle | LRC | |
| weben | vb | to weave | LRC | |
| Wiebel | n.masc | weevil, beetle | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | vefr | n | web | W7 | 
| veifa | vb | to wave | W7 | |
| veptr | n | weft, fabric | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | vefa | vb | to weave | LRC | 
| Icelandic: | tord-yfill | n.masc | weevil, beetle | ASD | 
| vefa | vb | to weave | ASD | |
| Danish: | væve | vb | to weave | LRC | 
| Swedish: | väva | vb | to weave | LRC | 
| Italic | ||||
| French: | gaufrer | vb | to goffer, emboss, corrugate | W7 | 
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ὑφαίνω | vb | to weave | LRC | 
| Greek: | ὑφή | n.fem | web | LRC | 
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | ubdaēna- | adj | made of cloth | LRC | 
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ubhnā́ti | vb | to tie together | LRC | 
| vepate | vb | to tremble | W7 | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | wāp- | vb | to weave | LRC | 
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective | 
| fem | = | feminine (gender) | 
| intrans | = | intransitive | 
| masc | = | masculine (gender) | 
| n | = | noun | 
| str | = | strong (inflection) | 
| trans | = | transitive | 
| vb | = | verb | 
| wk | = | weak (inflection) | 
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) | 
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) | 
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin | 
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |