Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. u̯ebh- 'to plait, weave, waver, move back and forth'
Semantic Field(s): to Plait, to Weave
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | ōwef | n | woof | W7 |
wǣfre | adj | restless | W7 | |
wafian | vb | to wave (with hands) | W7 | |
webbestre | n.fem | (female) weaver | W7 | |
webbian | vb.wk | to weave, contrive | ASD/W7 | |
wefan, wæf, wǣfon, wefen | vb.str | to weave, contrive | W7 | |
wifel | n.masc | weevil, beetle | W7 | |
Middle English: | oof | n | woof | W7 |
wafer | n | wafer | W7 | |
waven | vb | to wave | W7 | |
waveren | vb | to waver | W7 | |
web | n | web | W7 | |
webster | n | webster | W7 | |
weft | n | weft | W7 | |
wevel | n | weevil | W7 | |
weven | vb | to weave | W7 | |
English: | goffer | vb.trans | to flute, crimp | AHD/W7 |
hypha | n | one of threads in fungus mycelium | AHD/W7 | |
wafer | n | thin crisp cake/cracker | AHD/W7 | |
waffle | n | crisp pancake | AHD/W7 | |
wave | vb | to flutter, move loosely to/fro, float/play/shake in air | AHD/W7 | |
waver | vb.intrans | to vacillate, fluctuate in opinion/allegiance/direction | AHD/W7 | |
weave, wove, woven | vb.str | to make (cloth) by interlacing strands (of yarn) | AHD/W7 | |
weave | vb.wk.intrans | to sway, waver from side to side | AHD/W7 | |
web | n | fabric on/being removed from loom | AHD/W7 | |
webster | n | weaver | AHD/W7 | |
weevil | n | small beetle injurious to nuts/fruit/grain/plants | AHD/W7 | |
weft | n | woof | AHD/W7 | |
wobble | vb | to move/rock/stagger clumsily/unsteadily side-to-side | AHD/W7 | |
woof | n | filling thread/yarn in weaving | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | wafel | n | waffle | W7 |
wafer | n | wafer | W7 | |
Dutch: | weven | vb | to weave | LRC |
Old Low German: | gold-uuivil | n.masc | weevil, beetle | ASD |
Low German: | wabbeln | vb | to wobble | W7 |
Old High German: | weban | vb | to weave | W7 |
wibil | n.masc | weevil, beetle | ASD/W7 | |
German: | wabbeln | vb | to wobble | LRC |
Waffel | n.fem | waffle | LRC | |
weben | vb | to weave | LRC | |
Wiebel | n.masc | weevil, beetle | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | vefr | n | web | W7 |
veifa | vb | to wave | W7 | |
veptr | n | weft, fabric | W7 | |
Old Icelandic: | vefa | vb | to weave | LRC |
Icelandic: | tord-yfill | n.masc | weevil, beetle | ASD |
vefa | vb | to weave | ASD | |
Danish: | væve | vb | to weave | LRC |
Swedish: | väva | vb | to weave | LRC |
Italic | ||||
French: | gaufrer | vb | to goffer, emboss, corrugate | W7 |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | ὑφαίνω | vb | to weave | LRC |
Greek: | ὑφή | n.fem | web | LRC |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | ubdaēna- | adj | made of cloth | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | ubhnā́ti | vb | to tie together | LRC |
vepate | vb | to tremble | W7 | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | wāp- | vb | to weave | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |