Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. u̯ei-, u̯ei̯ə- : u̯ī̆- 'to bend, turn, wind'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend, to Turn, to Wind, Wrap
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | fiar | adj | oblique | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | sǣ-wār | n | seaware, seaweed | ASD |
| wār | n | ware | OED | |
| wīr | n.masc | wire, metal thread | W7 | |
| wīði(n)g | n.masc | withy | ASD/W7 | |
| wiððe | n.fem | withe, cord, thong | W7 | |
| Middle English: | garland | n | garland | W7 |
| iris | n | iris | W7 | |
| virole | n | virl, ferrule | W7 | |
| wire | n | wire | W7 | |
| withe | n | withe | W7 | |
| withy | n | withy | W7 | |
| English: | exine | n | outer layer of wall of spore/pollen grain | AHD |
| ferrule | n | strengthening (metal) ring/cap around shaft | AHD/W7 | |
| garland | n | wreath, chaplet | AHD/W7 | |
| inion | n | projecting point of occipital bone | AHD | |
| inosine | n | an RNA nucleoside | AHD | |
| inosite | n | inositol | AHD/W7 | |
| inositol | n | crystalline stereoisomeric cyclic alcohol | AHD/W7 | |
| inotropic | adj | affecting muscle contraction | AHD | |
| iridaceous | adj | re: iris plant family | AHD/W7 | |
| iridium | n | hard brittle heavy silver-white metal | AHD/W7 | |
| Iris | prop.n | gods' messenger (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| iris | n | rainbow; flower; colored part of eye | AHD/W7 | |
| iritis | n | eye (iris) inflammation | AHD | |
| seaware | n | sea wrack used like manure | AHD/W7 | |
| vise | n | tool with jaws for holding work | AHD/W7 | |
| viticulture | n | grape cultivation | AHD/W7 | |
| vitta | n | oil tube in plants of carrot family | AHD/W7 | |
| ware | n | seaware, seaweed | OED | |
| wire | n | metal in form of thread/slender rod | AHD/W7 | |
| withe | n | slender flexible twig/branch | AHD/W7 | |
| withy | n | willow | AHD/W7 | |
| Withywindle | prop.n | river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | wiþþe | n.fem | withe, cord, thong | ASD |
| North Frisian: | wier | n.neut | ware | OED |
| Dutch: | wier | n.neut | ware | OED |
| Old High German: | wiara | n | fine gold | W7 |
| wīda | n | withy | W7 | |
| German: | Eingeweide | n | intestines | TLL |
| Weide | n.fem | withy | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | veggr | n.masc | wattle wall | KNW |
| Icelandic: | viðja | n.fem | withe, cord, thong | ASD |
| víðir | n | withy | ASD | |
| vírr | n.masc | wire | ASD | |
| Danish: | væg | n | wall | TLL |
| Swedish: | vägg | n | indoor wall | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | baurgs-waddjus | n.masc | city wall | KGW |
| inwindiþa | n.str.fem | injustice | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | iris, iridis | n.fem | rainbow, iris plant | W7 |
| Iris | n.fem | Iris, messenger of Zeus | W7 | |
| vieo, viēre | vb | to plait | W7 | |
| viriola | n.fem | bracelet | W7 | |
| vitis | n.fem | vine | W7 | |
| vitta | n.fem | fillet | W7 | |
| New Latin: | iridium | n.neut | iridium | W7 |
| Middle French: | garlande | n.fem | garland | W7 |
| virole | n.fem | ferrule, bracelet | W7 | |
| vis | n.fem | screw | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | įvairùs, įvairì | adj | various, different | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | Ἶρις | prop.n.fem | Iris | LS |
| ἶρις | n.fem | iris | LS | |
| ἴς | n.fem | nerve, sinew | IEW | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KGW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
