Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. u̯ei-, u̯eiə- : u̯ī- 'to wish, pursue, go for, reach towards; strong, violent'
Semantic Field(s): to Will, Wish, to Pursue, Purpose, Intention, Strong, Mighty, Powerful
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | wāþ | n.fem | pursuit; roving | W7 |
| Middle English: | gayne | n | gain | W7 |
| rowein | n | rowen | W7 | |
| violaten | vb | to violate | W7 | |
| violent | adj | violent | W7 | |
| English: | gain | n | profit, increase | AHD/W7 |
| invite | vb.trans | to entice, offer incentive/inducement to | AHD/W7 | |
| rowen | n | stubble field left unplowed | AHD/W7 | |
| vim | n | vitality, robust energy/enthusiasm | AHD/W7 | |
| violate | vb.trans | to break, disregard | AHD/W7 | |
| violent | adj | re: extreme force/sudden intense activity | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | weide | n | meadow | TLL |
| Old High German: | weida | n.fem | hunting, fishing | ASD |
| weidanōn | vb | to hunt for food | W7 | |
| German: | Weide | n | pasture | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | veiðr | n.fem | hunting, fishing | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | invito, invitāre | vb | to invite, incite | W7 |
| violatus | vb.ptc | violated | W7 | |
| violentus | adj | violent | W7 | |
| violō, violāre | vb | to violate, offend, do violence to | W7 | |
| vīs | n.fem | force, strength, power | W7 | |
| Old French: | gaaignier | vb | to till, earn, gain | W7 |
| regaïn | n.masc | aftermath | W7 | |
| Old North French: | rewain | n.masc | rowen | W7 |
| Middle French: | gain | n.masc | gain | W7 |
| inviter | vb | to invite, incite | W7 | |
| violent | adj | violent | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | pavõjus | n.masc | danger | LRC |
| Latvian: | vieta | n.fem | place | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | voi | n.masc.pl | troops, army | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἴς | n.fem | force, strength | LS |
| Greek: | ἀφίημι | vb | to send forth, throw down, permit, forgive | LRC |
| ἵεμαι | vb.dep | to desire | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |