Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. u̯el-, u̯lei-, u̯lē(i)- 'to will, want, wish, choose'
Semantic Field(s): to Will, Wish
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | nyllan | vb | to nill, lit. not will | ASD/W7 |
| wel | adj | well | W7 | |
| wela | n.masc | weal, wealth | W7 | |
| willa | n.masc | will | W7 | |
| wyllan | vb | to will | W7 | |
| Middle English: | benevolent | adj | benevolent | W7 |
| galaunt | adj | gallant | W7 | |
| nilen | vb | to nill | W7 | |
| voluntary | adj | voluntary | W7 | |
| voluptuous | adj | voluptuous | W7 | |
| wallop | n | wallop; gallop | W7 | |
| walopen | vb | to wallop: gallop | W7 | |
| wel | adj | well | W7 | |
| wele | n | weal | W7 | |
| welthe | n | wealth | W7 | |
| will | n | will | W7 | |
| English: | benevolent | adj | re: benevolence/good intentions | AHD/W7 |
| gallant | adj | smart, showy in dress/bearing | AHD/W7 | |
| gallimaufry | n | jumble, medley | AHD/W7 | |
| gallop | n | fast springing gait of quadruped | AHD/W7 | |
| nill | vb | to be unwilling | AHD/W7 | |
| velleity | n | wish, lowest level of volition | AHD | |
| volition | n | act of making choice/decision | AHD/W7 | |
| voluntary | adj | re: one's will/choice/consent | AHD/W7 | |
| voluptuary | n | sensualist, one given to pleasure/luxury | AHD | |
| voluptuous | adj | full of sensory delight/pleasure | AHD/W7 | |
| wallop | n | punch, powerful blow | AHD/W7 | |
| wallop | vb | to beat, thrash; move hastily | AHD/W7 | |
| weal | n | prosperity, well-being, sound/healthy state | AHD/W7 | |
| wealth | n | weal, riches, welfare | AHD/W7 | |
| well | adv | rightly, justly, in good/proper manner | AHD/W7 | |
| will | n | wish, desire | AHD/W7 | |
| will | vb | to wish, desire | AHD/W7 | |
| willy-nilly | adj/adv | whether desired or not | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | wel | adv | well | ASD |
| willa, wella | vb | to will | ASD | |
| willa | n.masc | will | ASD | |
| Dutch: | wil | vb.1/3.sg | will(s), want(s), wish(es) | TLL |
| wilde | vb.1/3.sg.past | willed, wished, wanted | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | wel | adv | well | ASD |
| welo | n.masc | wealth, riches | ASD | |
| willian, wellian | vb | to will | ASD | |
| willio | n.masc | will | ASD | |
| Old High German: | wela, wola, wolo | n.masc | wealth | ASD |
| wela, wola | adv | well | ASD/W7 | |
| wellan, wollan | vb | to will | ASD | |
| wili | vb.3.sg | he wills | W7 | |
| willo | n.masc | will | ASD | |
| German: | will | vb.1/3.sg | will(s), want(s), wish(es) | TLL |
| wollte | vb.1/3.sg.past | willed, wished, wanted | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | vel | adv | well | ASD |
| vilja | vb | to will | ASD | |
| Danish: | vil | vb.1/3.sg | will(s), want(s) | TLL |
| vilde | vb.1/3.sg.past | willed, would, wanted | TLL | |
| Swedish: | vill | vb.1/3.sg | will(s), want(s) | TLL |
| ville | vb.1/3.sg.past | willed, would, wanted | TLL | |
| villig | adj | willing | TLL | |
| väl | adj | well | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | waila | adv | well | ASD |
| wilja | n.wk.masc | will | LRC | |
| wiljan | vb.irr | to will | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | benevolens, benevolentis | adj | well-intentioned | W7 |
| vol- | pfx | will, volition | W7 | |
| volens, volentis | vb.pres.ptc | willing | W7 | |
| volō, velle, voluī | vb | to will, want | LRC | |
| voluntarius | adj | acting freely/voluntarily | W7 | |
| voluntas, voluntatis | n.fem | will | LRC | |
| voluptas | n.fem | pleasure | W7 | |
| voluptuosus | adj | delicious, voluptuous | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | volitio, volitionis | n.fem | will, volition | W7 |
| Old French: | benevolent | adj | benevolent | AHD |
| Middle French: | galant | adj | gallant, pleasant, re: good manners | W7 |
| galer | vb | to have good time | W7 | |
| galimafree | n.masc | hash, gallimaufry | W7 | |
| galop | n | gallop | W7 | |
| French: | volition | n.fem | volition, (act of) will | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | viltìs | n.fem | hope | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἐλπίς | n.fem | hope | LRC |
| ἔλπω | vb | to hope, expect | LRC | |
| Greek: | ἐλπίζω | vb | to hope | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| irr | = | irregular |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
