Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. u̯el-, u̯elə- 'wool, hair; grass, wold, forest'
Semantic Field(s): Wool, Hair, Grass, Woods, Forest
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Welsh: | gwlan | n | wool | LRC |
gwyllt | adj | wild, mad | W7 | |
English | ||||
Old English: | weald | adj | mighty, powerful | ASD |
wilde | adj | wild, untamed | LRC | |
wold | n.str.masc | wold: forest | OED | |
wull | n.fem | wool | W7 | |
West Saxon: | weald | n.masc | weald: forest | W7 |
Anglian: | wald | n.masc | wold: forest | ODE |
Middle English: | flaunneol | n | flannel, woolen cloth/garment | W7 |
laner | n | lanner | W7 | |
wald, wold | n | wold: forest | W7 | |
welde | n | weld | W7 | |
wilde | adj | wild | W7 | |
wolle | n | wool | W7 | |
English: | flannel | n | soft twilled wool/worsted napped fabric | AHD/W7 |
lanate | adj | woolly, covered with fine hair/filaments | AHD/W7 | |
lanner | n | falcon | AHD/W7 | |
lanolin | n | wool grease | AHD/W7 | |
lanugo | n | dense downy/cottony growth | AHD/W7 | |
Thistlewool | prop.n | Bree surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
ulotrichous | adj | having crisp/woolly hair | AHD/W7 | |
vellus | n | fine bodily hair preceding puberty | AHD | |
vole | n | small rodent (related to lemmings) | AHD/W7 | |
Walda | prop.n | 12th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
weald | n | wood, forest, woodland | AHD | |
weld | n | European mignonette (flowery herb) | AHD/W7 | |
wild | adj | untamed, undomesticated, living in natural state | AHD/W7 | |
wildebeest | n | gnu: large African antelope with ox-like horns | AHD/W7 | |
Wilderland | prop.n | wilderness area in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
wilderness | n | uncultivated uninhabited tract/region of land | AHD/W7 | |
Wold | prop.n | Rohan plain in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
wold | n | wood, forest; upland plain | AHD/W7 | |
wool | n | soft wavy/curly undercoat of (e.g.) sheep | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | wald | n.masc | wold: forest | ASD/ODE |
wilde | adj | wild | ASD | |
Dutch: | wol | n | wool | TLL |
woud | n | wold: forest | ODE | |
Afrikaans: | wildebees | n | wildebeest, lit. wild ox | W7 |
Old Saxon: | ala-waldo, alo-waldo | adj | mighty, powerful | ASD |
wald | n.masc | wold: forest | ASD/ODE | |
Old Low German: | wildi | adj | wild | ASD |
Middle Low German: | wolde | n | weld | W7 |
Old High German: | al-walto | adj | mighty, powerful | ASD |
wald, walt | n.masc | wold: forest | ASD/W7 | |
wildi | adj | wild | W7 | |
wolla | n.fem | wool | ASD/W7 | |
German: | Wald | n.masc | wold: forest | LRC |
wild | adj | wild | LRC | |
Wolle | n.fem | wool | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | villr | adj | wild, astray | LRC |
vǫllr | n.masc | wold, untilled field | ODE | |
Icelandic: | ull | n.fem | wool | ASD |
villr | adj | wild | ASD | |
völlr | n.masc | wold: plain, field | ASD | |
Danish: | uld | n | wool | TLL |
Swedish: | ull | n | wool | TLL |
vild | adj | wild | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | wilþeis | adj | wild | ASD |
wulla, wolla | n.fem | wool | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | lāna | n.fem | wool | W7 |
lanatus | adj | woolen | W7 | |
lanugo | n.fem | wool; cocoon | W7 | |
vellus | n.neut | fleece | W7 | |
Middle French: | lanier | n.masc | lanner | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | vluna | n | wool | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | vlasъ | n.masc | hair | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | εἰλύω | vb | to roll, wrap, enfold | LS |
οὖλος | adj | woolen, woolly | LRC | |
Greek: | λῆνος | n.neut | wool | LRC |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | hulana- | n | wool | LRC |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | var̥na | n | wool | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | ū́rfā | n | wool | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |