Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. u̯en-, u̯enə- 'to love, venerate, strive/wish for'
Semantic Field(s): to Love; Love, to Will, Wish
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | gūþ-wine | n.masc | [kenning for] sword, lit. war-friend | ASD |
wēnan | vb | to ween | W7 | |
wenian | vb | to wean | W7 | |
wennan, wenede, wened | vb.wk.I | to accustom; entertain (joyfully) | LRC | |
wine | n.masc | wine: friend | ASD | |
Winedas | prop.n.masc.pl | the Wends | W7 | |
wine-dryhten | n.masc | lit. wine-lord | LRC | |
wine-mǣg | n.masc | lit. wine-kinsman | LRC | |
winnan, wann, wunnon, wunnen | vb.str | to win, toil, strive, struggle | ASD/W7 | |
wunian | vb | to won, be used to | W7 | |
wyn(n) | n.str.fem | wynn; (name for) W-rune | ASD | |
wynsum | adj | winsome | W7 | |
wȳscan | vb | to wish | W7 | |
Middle English: | venerealle | adj | venereal | W7 |
venerie | n | venery | W7 | |
venial | adj | venial | W7 | |
venim, venom | n | venom | W7 | |
venison | n | venison | W7 | |
Venus | prop.n | Venus | W7 | |
wenen | vb | to wean | W7 | |
wenen | vb | to ween | W7 | |
winnen | vb | to win | W7 | |
winsum | adj | winsome | W7 | |
wisshen | vb | to wish | W7 | |
woned | adj | wont | W7 | |
wonen | vb | to won, be used to | W7 | |
wont | adj | wont | W7 | |
English: | banyan | n | Hindu merchant; East Indian tree | AHD/W7 |
Déorwine | prop.n | Rohan knight in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Elfwine | prop.n | 19th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Éowyn | prop.n | Rohan shield-maiden heroine in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Folcwine | prop.n | 14th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Fréawine | prop.n | 5th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Gléowine | prop.n | Theoden's minstrel in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Goldwine | prop.n | 6th Rohan king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Gúthwinë | prop.n | Eomer's sword in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Holdwine | prop.n | epithet for Merry in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Théodwyn | prop.n | Eowyn's mother in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
vanadium | n | grayish malleable ductile metal | AHD/W7 | |
Vanir | prop.n | tribe of gods opposed to Aesir (Norse mythology) | AHD | |
venerate | vb.trans | to regard with deference/admiration/reverential respect | AHD/W7 | |
venereal | adj | re: sexual pleasure/indulgence | AHD/W7 | |
venery | n | pursuit of sexual pleasure/indulgence | AHD/W7 | |
venery | n | art/act/practice of hunting | AHD/W7 | |
venial | adj | pardonable, forgivable | AHD/W7 | |
venison | n | edible flesh of wild animal | AHD/W7 | |
venom | n | poison from biting/stinging animal | AHD/W7 | |
Venus | prop.n | (2nd planet, named for) goddess of love (Roman mythology) | AHD/W7 | |
wanderoo | n | purple-faced langur | AHD/W7 | |
wean | vb.trans | to accustom young to food other than mother's milk | AHD/W7 | |
ween | vb.trans | to suppose, imagine | AHD/W7 | |
Wend | prop.n | Sorb: Slavic person from areas near German/Polish border | LRC | |
win, won | vb.str | to succeed, gain victory in contest | AHD/W7 | |
win | n | strife, labor; success, victory | W2I | |
wine | n.obs | friend, comrade, companion | W2I | |
winsome | adj | winning, causing joy/pleasure | AHD/W7 | |
wish | vb | to crave, have desire for | AHD/W7 | |
won | vb.intrans | to dwell, abide | AHD/W7 | |
wont | adj | used, accustomed | AHD/W7 | |
wyn(n) | n | joy, bliss, delight, pleasure; Runic letter | ODE | |
British English: | win | vb.trans | to dry (e.g. hay) by exposure to air/heat | AHD/W7 |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | wēna | vb | to ween, think, opine, believe | ASD |
winna | vb.intrans | to win | ASD | |
wona, wuna | vb | to dwell, remain | ASD | |
Dutch: | wonen | vb | to dwell, reside | LRC |
Old Saxon: | wānian | vb | to ween, hope | ASD |
wenian, wennian | vb | to wean, train; fit, prepare | ASD | |
wini | n.masc | wine | ASD | |
winnan | vb.intrans | to win, strive, suffer | ASD | |
wonōn, wunōn | vb | to won, remain | ASD | |
wunnea | n.fem | wynn | ASD | |
wunsam | adj | winsome | ASD | |
Old High German: | wān(n)en | vb | to ween, think, believe | ASD |
wennen | vb | to wean, train, habituate | ASD | |
wini | n.masc | wine | ASD | |
Winidā | prop.n.masc.pl | the Wends | ASD/W7 | |
winnan | vb.intrans | to win, fight, quarrel, struggle | ASD/W7 | |
wonēn | vb | to won, stay, remain, be used to | ASD/W7 | |
wunna, wunnī | n.fem | wynn | ASD/W7 | |
wunni-sam | adj | winsome, pleasant, agreeable | ASD | |
wunsken, wunscen | vb | to wish | ASD/W7 | |
German: | Wende | prop.n | Wend | W7 |
wohnen | vb | to live, dwell, reside | LRC | |
Wohnung | n.fem | dwelling, residence, habitation | TLL | |
Wonne | n.fem | wynn | LRC | |
wünschen | vb | to wish | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Runic: | *wunjo | n | wynn; (name for) W-rune | LRC |
Old Norse: | una | vb | to enjoy, be contented | LRC |
Vanadīs | prop.n | Freya: goddess of love/beauty (Norse mytholgy) | W7 | |
vinna | vb | to win, work, perform | LRC | |
vinr | n.masc | wine; patron, leader | LRC | |
væna | vb | to ween, hope | W7 | |
væni | n.neut | expectation | LRC | |
Icelandic: | unaðr | n.fem | joy, delight | ASD |
venja | vb | to wean | ASD | |
Vindir | prop.n.masc.pl | the Wends | ASD | |
vinna | vb.intrans | to win, work, suffer, withstand | ASD | |
vinr | n.masc | wine | ASD | |
ynði | n.fem | charm, delight | ASD | |
œskja | vb | to wish | ASD | |
Swedish: | vinna | vb | to win | TLL |
våning | n | dwelling; floor, story | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *wenjan | vb.wk.I | to ween, hope, trust, expect | GED |
winnan | vb.str.III | to win, suffer | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | venatio, venationis | n.fem | hunting | LRC |
venatus | vb.ptc | hunted, having hunted | W7 | |
venenum | n.neut | drug, poison, magic charm | W7 | |
venereus | adj | re: charm, sexual desire | W7 | |
veneror, venerārī, venerātus | vb.dep | to honor, venerate | LRC | |
venia | n.fem | favor, pardon, indulgence | W7 | |
venor, venāri | vb.dep | to hunt, pursue | W7 | |
Venus, Veneris | prop.n.fem | Venus | LRC | |
venus, veneris | n.fem | love, charm, sexual desire | LRC | |
Vulgar Latin: | venimen | n.neut | venom | W7 |
Late Latin: | venialis | adj | venial, benign, easily forgiven | W7 |
New Latin: | vanadium | n.neut | vanadium | W7 |
Portuguese: | banian | n | banyan: merchant | AHD |
Old French: | veneison | n.fem | game, hunting; venison | W7 |
venial | adj | venial, benign, easily forgiven | W7 | |
venim | n.masc | venom | W7 | |
Middle French: | vener | vb | to hunt | W7 |
venerie | n.fem | venery: art of hunting | W7 | |
French: | vendredi | n | Friday, lit. Venus' day | ODE |
Italian: | venerdì | n | Friday, lit. Venus' day | ODE |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | vana | n | forest | W7 |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | vana | n | forest | W7 |
vāṇijaḥ | n | banyan: merchant | AHD | |
vānara | n | monkey | W7 | |
Gujarati: | vāṇiyo | n | banyan: merchant | AHD |
Hindi: | baniyā | n | banyan: merchant | W7 |
Sinhalese: | vandurā | n | (type of) monkey | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
I | = | class 1 |
III | = | class 3 |
adj | = | adjective |
dep | = | deponent |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
obs | = | obsolete |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |