Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. u̯endh- 'to turn, wind, wend'
Semantic Field(s): to Turn, to Wind, Wrap
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | oðwindan, oðwand, oðwundon, oðwunden | vb.str.III | to escape | LRC |
| wandrian | vb | to wander | W7 | |
| wendan | vb | to wend | W7 | |
| windan, wond, wundon, wunden | vb.str.III | to wind, twist, roll | ASD/W7 | |
| windel | n.masc | basket | ASD | |
| Middle English: | wand | n | wand | W7 |
| wandren | vb | to wander | W7 | |
| wenden | vb | to wend | W7 | |
| went | vb.pret/ptc | went | W7 | |
| winden | vb | to wind | W7 | |
| wynd(l)as | n | windlass | W7 | |
| English: | Vandal | prop.n | E Germanic tribe that sacked Rome in 455 | AHD/W7 |
| vandal | n | one who defaces/damages/destroys property | W7 | |
| wand | n | verge, slender rod/staff | AHD/W7 | |
| wander | vb | to move without fixed aim/goal/course | AHD/W7 | |
| Wandlimb | prop.n | Entwife in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| wend, went | vb.wk | to go, travel, direct one's course | AHD/W7 | |
| wind, wound | vb.str | to turn, warp, bend | AHD/W7 | |
| windlass | n | hoisting/hauling machine | AHD/W7 | |
| Withywindle | prop.n | river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | wenda | vb.trans | to wend, turn | ASD |
| Dutch: | ingewanden | n | intestines | TLL |
| wand | n | wall | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | wendian | vb.trans | to wend, turn | ASD |
| windan | vb.intrans | to wind, roll, plait | ASD | |
| Old High German: | Orendil, Erentil | prop.n | medieval hero, lit. luminous wanderer | IEW |
| want | n | wall | KDW | |
| wenten | vb | to wend, turn | W7 | |
| wintan | vb | to wind, roll, twist | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | wandern | vb | to rove, roam, wander | ASD/W7 |
| German: | Wand | n.fem | wall (of room) | TLL |
| wandern | vb | to wander | LRC | |
| winden | vb | to wind | LRC | |
| Langobardic: | Auriwandalo | prop.n | Lombardic prince, lit. luminous wanderer | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | Aurvandil | prop.n | Prose Edda hero, lit. luminous wanderer | ICE |
| vandi | n.masc | habit, custom | LRC | |
| vinda | vb | to wind | W7 | |
| vindāss | n | windlass | W7 | |
| vöndr | n | wand | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | venda | vb.trans | to wend, turn | ASD |
| vinda | vb.intrans | to wind, twist; hurl, thrust | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | bi-windan | vb.intrans | to wrap, cover | ASD |
| us-windan | vb.intrans | to punish | ASD | |
| wandjan | vb.trans | to wend, turn | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Umbrian: | ohavendu | vb.3.sg | (let him) turn aside | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| III | = | class 3 |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
