Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯e-n-g- 'bent'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend, Crooked
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | hlēapewince | n.fem | lapwing | W7 |
| pinewincle | n.fem | periwinkle | ASD/W7 | |
| wancol | adj | wonky | W7 | |
| wencel | n.neut | wench, child | W7 | |
| wince | n.fem | winch | W7 | |
| wincian | vb | to wink | W7 | |
| Middle English: | lapwing | n | lapwing | W7 |
| periwinkle | n | periwinkle | W7 | |
| wankel | adj | wankle | W7 | |
| wenche | n | wench | W7 | |
| wenchel | n | child | W7 | |
| wenchen | vb | to wince, dart about, be impatient | W7 | |
| winche | n | winch, reel, roller | W7 | |
| winken | vb | to wink | W7 | |
| English: | gauche | adj | crude, lacking social grace/experience | AHD/W7 |
| lapwing | n | crested Old World plover | AHD/W7 | |
| periwinkle | n | gastropod mollusk | AHD/W7 | |
| vacillate | vb | to sway, oscillate, fluctuate | LRC | |
| wankle | adj | wonky | AHD/W7 | |
| wench | n | girl, young woman | AHD/W7 | |
| wince | vb.intrans | to flinch, shrink back involuntarily | AHD/W7 | |
| winch | n | machine/instrument for hauling/pulling | AHD/W7 | |
| wink | vb | to close one eye briefly | AHD/W7 | |
| winkle | n | periwinkle | W7 | |
| wonky | adj | shaky, unstable, unsteady | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | wankol | adj | wankle, fickle, uncertain, fluctuating | ASD |
| Old High German: | wanchal | adj | wankle, slippery, treacherous | ASD |
| wankōn | vb | to totter | W7 | |
| winchan, winchen | vb | to wink, blink; waver, stagger | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | wankeln | vb | to totter | LRC |
| wanken | vb | to waver, falter, stagger | LRC | |
| winken | vb | to wink, wave, sign, signal | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Danish: | vincle | n | winkle, snail shell | W7 |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | vacillo, vacillare | vb | to reel, waver, totter, vacillate | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
