Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. u̯er-, also su̯er- 'to bind, attach; strive'
Semantic Field(s): to Bind, to Work, Toil
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | swǣran | vb.wk | to press, be burdensome | GED |
| swār, swǣr(e) | adj | heavy | ASD/GED | |
| Middle English: | air(e), ayere | n | air | MEV/W7 |
| arsis | n | arsis, raising the voice | AHD | |
| arterie | n | artery | W7 | |
| aura | n | aura | W7 | |
| meteor | n | meteor | W7 | |
| seryows | adj | serious | W7 | |
| English: | aerial | adj | re: air/atmosphere | AHD/W7 |
| aer(o)- | pfx | aerial | AHD | |
| aerodyne | n | heavier-than-air aircraft | AHD | |
| aeronaut | n | one who works/travels in atmosphere | AHD/W7 | |
| air | n | mixture of invisible gases (nitrogen/oxygen) surrounding earth | AHD/W7 | |
| airport | n | place for aircraft takeoff/landing | W7 | |
| aorta | n | great trunk artery carrying blood from heart | AHD/W7 | |
| aria | n | tune, melody | AHD/W7 | |
| arsis | n | lighter/shorter part of poetic foot | AHD/W7 | |
| arteriole | n | small terminal artery ending in capillaries | AHD/W7 | |
| artery | n | tubular branching vessel carrying blood from heart | AHD/W7 | |
| aura | n.obs | air, light breeze | AHD/W2I | |
| malaria | n | lit. bad air (infected with noxious disease-causing substance) | AHD/W7 | |
| meteor | n | visible aerial phenomenon (e.g. rainbow/snowfall/lightning) | AHD/W7 | |
| serious | adj | sober/subdued/thoughtful in manner/appearance | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | swēr(e) | adj | heavy | GED |
| swēria | vb.wk | to press, be burdensome | GED | |
| Old Saxon: | swāri | adj | heavy | GED |
| Middle Low German: | swāren | vb.wk | to press, be burdensome | GED |
| swēre | n.fem | weight, burden | GED | |
| Old High German: | swar | adj | heavy | GED |
| swārēn | vb.wk | to press, be burdensome | GED | |
| swār(i) | adj | heavy | ASD/GED | |
| swāri(da) | n.fem | weight, burden | GED | |
| German: | schwer | adj | heavy | LRC |
| Schwere | n.fem | weight, cruelty | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | svārr | adj | heavy | GED |
| Icelandic: | svárr | adj | heavy, grave | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | swers | adj | esteemed, honored | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | āēr, āeris | n.masc | air | W7 |
| aerius | adj | airy, re: air | W7 | |
| arteria | n.fem | artery | W7 | |
| aura | n.fem | aura | W7 | |
| serius | adj | serious, weighty | GED | |
| Late Latin: | arsis | n.fem | raising of the voice, accented part of foot | W7 |
| seriosus | adj | serious | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | meteorum | n.neut | meteor | W7 |
| New Latin: | aorta | n | aorta | AHD |
| arteriola | n.fem | vein, arteriole | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | arteria | n | artery | CDC |
| Spanish: | arteria | n | artery | CDC |
| Old Catalan: | arteria | n | artery | CDC |
| Old French: | air | n.masc | air | W7 |
| artere | n | artery | CDC | |
| Middle French: | metéore | n.masc | meteor | W7 |
| sérieux | adj | serious, grave | W7 | |
| French: | artère | n | artery | |
| artériole | n.fem | small artery, blood vessel | W7 | |
| Italian: | aria | n.fem | aura; aria | CID/W7 |
| arteria | n | artery | CDC | |
| malaria | n.fem | malaria | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | svãras | n.masc | scale, pound | GED/IEW |
| svarùs | adj | heavy | GED | |
| sver̃ti | vb | to lift, weigh | GED | |
| svõras, svõris | n | weight | GED | |
| Latvian: | svars | n | weight | GED |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | aeroport | n.masc | airport | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἀείρω | vb | to lift, raise up | LRC |
| ἀήρ | n.masc | air; mist, cloud, vapor | LRC | |
| αἴρω | vb | to lift, raise up | LRC | |
| αὔρη | n.fem | aura | LRC | |
| Greek: | aerios | adj | aerial | W7 |
| aortē | n.fem | aorta | W7 | |
| arsis | n.fem | arsis, up-beat | W7 | |
| artēria | n | artery | AHD | |
| ἕρμα | n | ship's ballast | GED | |
| mete-ōros | adj | high in the air | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
