Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 8. u̯er- 'to notice, observe, attend, be aware'
Semantic Field(s): to See, to Look, to Sense, Perceive; Sense
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | gewær | adj | aware | W7 |
hlāford | n.masc | lord | W7 | |
stī(g)-weard | n.masc | steward | W7 | |
wær | adj | wary, aware, careful | W7 | |
warian, warode, warod | vb.wk.II | to guard, protect, occupy | LRC | |
waru | n.fem | ware, merchandise | W7 | |
weard | n.masc | ward, keeper | W7 | |
weardian | vb | to ward | W7 | |
Middle English: | Arctour, Arture, Arthurus | prop.n | Arcturus | CDC |
awarden | vb | to award, decide | W7 | |
aware, ywar, iwar(e) | adj | aware | CDC/W7 | |
garde | n | guard | W7 | |
lord, loverd | n | lord | W7 | |
regard | n | regard | W7 | |
regarden | vb | to regard | W7 | |
rerewarde | n | rearward | W7 | |
rewarden | vb | to reward | W7 | |
steward | n | steward | W7 | |
ward | n | ward | W7 | |
wardein | n | warden | W7 | |
warden | vb | to ward | W7 | |
warder | n | warder | W7 | |
warderobe | n | wardrobe | W7 | |
war(e) | adj | wary, careful | W7 | |
ware | adj | aware, careful | W7 | |
waren | vb | to ware; spend; guarantee | W7 | |
English: | Arcturus | prop.n | Alpha Bootes: bright yellow-orange star | AHD |
award | vb.trans | to give by decree | AHD/W7 | |
aware | adj | careful, watchful | AHD/W7 | |
cyclorama | n | large pictorial representation encircling spectator | W7 | |
ephor | n | (Spartan) magistrate with power over king | AHD/W7 | |
guard | n | guardianship | AHD/W7 | |
Hayward | prop.n | friend of Merry in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
hayward | n | sheriff in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
lord | n | one having power/authority over others | AHD/W7 | |
Morgul-lord | prop.n | Nazgûl king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
panorama | n | cyclorama | AHD/W7 | |
pylorus | n | opening from stomach into intestine | AHD/W7 | |
rearward | n | rear | AHD/W7 | |
regard | n | aspect | AHD/W7 | |
regard | vb | to pay attention to | AHD/W7 | |
revere | vb.trans | to show devotion/honor to | AHD/W7 | |
reward | vb.trans | to give to in return for good/evil done/received | AHD/W7 | |
steward | n | one employed to manage domestic concerns | AHD/W7 | |
ward | n | guard, act/process of guarding | AHD/W7 | |
ward | vb.trans | to guard, keep watch over | AHD/W7 | |
warden | n | keeper, guardian, one having care/charge of something | AHD/W7 | |
warder | n | truncheon used to signal orders | AHD/W7 | |
wardrobe | n | room/closet for keeping clothes | AHD/W7 | |
ware | n | goods, merchandise, art/craft products | AHD/W7 | |
ware | vb.trans | to beware of | AHD/W7 | |
wary | adj | marked by caution/cunning/watchful prudence | AHD/W7 | |
Windlord | prop.n | eagle a.k.a. Gwaihir in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
Witch-lord | prop.n | Nazgûl Lord in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | wardia | vb | to ward, keep, defend | ASD |
ware | n.fem | care, observance | ASD | |
waria | vb | to ware | ASD | |
wera | vb | to ware; check, hinder, restrain | ASD | |
were | n.fem | ware | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | wara | n.fem | heed, safekeeping | ASD |
ward | n.masc | ward, guardian | ASD | |
wardōn | vb | to ward, to have charge of | ASD | |
warōn | vb | to ware | ASD | |
werian | vb | to ware; check, hinder, restrain | ASD | |
Old High German: | bi-warōn | vb | to ward, protect | W7 |
gi-war | adj | wary, aware, attentive | W7 | |
wara | n.fem | heed, care | ASD | |
wart | n.masc | ward, sentry | ASD | |
warta | n.fem | ward, concern | ASD/W7 | |
wartēn | vb | to ward, watch, take care | W7 | |
werien | vb | to ware; check, hinder, restrain | ASD | |
Middle High German: | gewar | adj | aware | CDC |
ware | n | ware | W7 | |
German: | bewahren | vb | to preserve, conserve | LRC |
gewahr | adj | aware | LRC | |
Ware | n.fem | ware | LRC | |
Wärter | n.masc | warden | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | vara, varað | vb | to ware, expect | LRC |
varða | n.fem | cairn, marker, beacon | KNW | |
varða | vb | to ward | W7 | |
varr | adj | wary | LRC | |
Icelandic: | vara | n.fem | ware | ASD |
vara | vb | to ware | ASD | |
vörðr | n.masc | warden, watchman, sentinel | ASD | |
Swedish: | minnesvård | n | monument | TLL |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | daura-wards | n.masc | warden, watchman, sentinel | ASD |
warei | n.fem | cunning | ASD | |
warjan | vb | to ware; hinder, prevent | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | Arcturus | n.masc | Arcturus | W7 |
ephorus | n.masc | supervisor | W7 | |
reveror, revereri | vb.dep | to respect with fear | W7 | |
vereor, vereri | vb.dep | to fear, respect | W7 | |
Late Latin: | pylorus | n.masc | gatekeeper | W7 |
Spanish: | esquardar | vb | to award | CDC |
Old French: | eswarde(i)r | vb | to award | CDC |
garde | n.masc | guardian | W7 | |
garder | vb | to guard, defend | W7 | |
regard | n.masc | regard, glance | W7 | |
regarder | vb | to regard, look at | W7 | |
reregarde | n.fem | rear guard | W7 | |
Old North French: | eswarder | vb | to ward, watch | W7 |
rewarder | vb | to reward, regard | W7 | |
wardein | vb | to ward | W7 | |
warder | vb | to ward | W7 | |
warderobe | n.fem | wardrobe | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | awarder | vb | to award | CDC |
Middle French: | garde | n.masc | guardian | W7 |
Italian: | sguardare | vb | to award, decide, consider, look at | CDC |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | ἐφ-οράω | vb | to behold, look upon | LRC |
ὁράω, ὁρόω | vb | to see, behold | LRC | |
οὖρος | n | ward, watch | LRC | |
Greek: | Arktouros | n.masc | Arcturus, the Bear Watcher | W7 |
ἔσοπτρον | n.neut | mirror | LRC | |
ephoros | n.masc | ephor, supervisor | W7 | |
horama | n.neut | sight | W7 | |
horān | vb | to see | AHD/W7 | |
pylōros | n.masc | gatekeeper | W7 | |
συνοράω | vb | to comprehend | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
II | = | class 2 |
adj | = | adjective |
dep | = | deponent |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
prop | = | proper |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |