Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 11. u̯er-, u̯erə- 'to show friendship; true, very, veracious, trustworthy'
Semantic Field(s): Friend, True
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | wǣr | adj | true | W7 |
Middle English: | averren | vb | to aver | W7 |
verifien | vb | to verify | W7 | |
verite | n | verity | W7 | |
verr(a)y | adj | very | W7 | |
English: | aver | vb.trans | to verify, prove true | AHD/W7 |
veracious | adj | honest, truthful | AHD/W7 | |
verify | vb.trans | to confirm/substantiate in law via oath | AHD/W7 | |
verisimilar | adj | probable, having appearance of truth | AHD/W7 | |
verism | n | artistic preference of ordinary to heroic/legendary | AHD/W7 | |
verity | n | truth, reality | AHD/W7 | |
very | adj | true, properly entitled to name/designation | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | wēr, weer | adj | true, very | ASD |
Old Saxon: | wār | adj | true, very | ASD |
werd | n | host, landlord | KSW | |
Old High German: | wāra | n | trust, care | W7 |
wār(i) | adj | true, very, truthful | ASD | |
wirt | n | host, landlord, innkeeper | KDW | |
German: | wahr | adj | true, real, very | LRC |
Wirt | n.masc | host, landlord, innkeeper | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Swedish: | värd | n | host, landlord | SAO |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | waírdus | n | host, lodging provider | KGW |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | verax, veracis | adj | true, sincere, truthful | W7 |
verisimilis | adj | verisimilar | W7 | |
veritas, veritatis | n.fem | truth | W7 | |
vero | adv | truly | LRC | |
verus | adj | true | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | *advērāre | vb | to aver | AHD |
*veracus | adj | true | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | adverō, adverāre | vb | to aver, confirm as authentic | W7 |
verifico, verificare | vb | to verify | W7 | |
Old French: | aver(r)er | vb | to aver | CDC |
verai | adj | true, veracious | W7 | |
Middle French: | avérer | vb | to aver, confirm as authentic | W7 |
vérifier | vb | to verify | W7 | |
verité | n.fem | verity | W7 | |
French: | avérer | vb | to aver | CDC |
vrai | adj | true, veracious | TLL | |
Old Occitan: | averar | vb | to aver | CDC |
Italian: | avverare | vb | to aver | CDC |
verismo | n.masc | verity, realism | W7 | |
vero | adj | true, veracious | W7 | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | věra | n.fem | faith, belief | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | ἦρα | n.neut.pl | help, gifts, favors | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
KGW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989) |
KSW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |