Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 11. u̯er-, u̯erə- 'to show friendship; true, very, veracious, trustworthy'
Semantic Field(s): Friend, True
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | wǣr | adj | true | W7 |
| Middle English: | averren | vb | to aver | W7 |
| verifien | vb | to verify | W7 | |
| verite | n | verity | W7 | |
| verr(a)y | adj | very | W7 | |
| English: | aver | vb.trans | to verify, prove true | AHD/W7 |
| veracious | adj | honest, truthful | AHD/W7 | |
| verify | vb.trans | to confirm/substantiate in law via oath | AHD/W7 | |
| verisimilar | adj | probable, having appearance of truth | AHD/W7 | |
| verism | n | artistic preference of ordinary to heroic/legendary | AHD/W7 | |
| verity | n | truth, reality | AHD/W7 | |
| very | adj | true, properly entitled to name/designation | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | wēr, weer | adj | true, very | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | wār | adj | true, very | ASD |
| werd | n | host, landlord | KSW | |
| Old High German: | wāra | n | trust, care | W7 |
| wār(i) | adj | true, very, truthful | ASD | |
| wirt | n | host, landlord, innkeeper | KDW | |
| German: | wahr | adj | true, real, very | LRC |
| Wirt | n.masc | host, landlord, innkeeper | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Swedish: | värd | n | host, landlord | SAO |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | waírdus | n | host, lodging provider | KGW |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | verax, veracis | adj | true, sincere, truthful | W7 |
| verisimilis | adj | verisimilar | W7 | |
| veritas, veritatis | n.fem | truth | W7 | |
| vero | adv | truly | LRC | |
| verus | adj | true | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | *advērāre | vb | to aver | AHD |
| *veracus | adj | true | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | adverō, adverāre | vb | to aver, confirm as authentic | W7 |
| verifico, verificare | vb | to verify | W7 | |
| Old French: | aver(r)er | vb | to aver | CDC |
| verai | adj | true, veracious | W7 | |
| Middle French: | avérer | vb | to aver, confirm as authentic | W7 |
| vérifier | vb | to verify | W7 | |
| verité | n.fem | verity | W7 | |
| French: | avérer | vb | to aver | CDC |
| vrai | adj | true, veracious | TLL | |
| Old Occitan: | averar | vb | to aver | CDC |
| Italian: | avverare | vb | to aver | CDC |
| verismo | n.masc | verity, realism | W7 | |
| vero | adj | true, veracious | W7 | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | věra | n.fem | faith, belief | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἦρα | n.neut.pl | help, gifts, favors | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| KDW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch, 4th ed. (1993) |
| KGW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Gotisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (1989) |
| KSW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altsächsisches Wörterbuch, 3rd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| SAO | = | Swedish Academy: Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (2011) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
