Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. u̯es- 'to live, stay overnight'
Semantic Field(s): to Live, Dwell, to Stay, Wait, Remain
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | fe(i)ss | vb | to sleep | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | wǣren | vb.anom.pret.pl.subj | were (we/you/they) | W7 |
| wǣron | vb.anom.pret.pl | (we/you/they) were | W7 | |
| wæs, wǣre, wæs | vb.anom.pret.sg | was, were, was | W7 | |
| was | vb.anom.pret.1/3.sg | (I/he) was | W7 | |
| wes | vb.anom.2.sg.imp | be! | TLL | |
| wesan | vb.anom | to be | LRC | |
| Middle English: | was | vb.anom.pret.1/3.sg | (I/he) was | W7 |
| were | vb.anom.pret.2.sg | (thou) were | W7 | |
| weren | vb.anom.pret.pl | (we/you/they) were | W7 | |
| English: | astute | adj | shrewd, wily, sagacious | AHD/W7 |
| divan | n | hall, court, council chamber | AHD/CDC | |
| Vesta | prop.n | [asteroid named for] virgin hearth/fire goddess (Roman mythology) | AHD/W7 | |
| was | vb.anom.pret.1/3.sg | [suppletive form of] be | AHD/W7 | |
| wassail | n | (early English toast to) good health | AHD/W7 | |
| were | vb.anom.pret.2.sg | [suppletive form of] be | AHD/W7 | |
| were | vb.anom.pret.pl | [suppletive form of] be | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | wesa | vb.anom | to be | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | wesen | vb.anom | to be | LRC |
| Dutch: | geweest | vb.anom.past.ptc | been | TLL |
| waren | vb.anom.pret.pl | were | TLL | |
| was | vb.anom.pret.sg | was, were | TLL | |
| wezen | vb.anom | to be | LRC | |
| Old Saxon: | wesan | vb.anom | to be | ASD |
| Old High German: | wesan | vb.anom | to be | ASD |
| German: | gewesen | vb.anom.past.ptc | been | TLL |
| während | prep | during | TLL | |
| war, warst, war | vb.anom.pret.sg | was, were, was | LRC | |
| waren, wart, waren | vb.anom.pret.pl | were | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | vas, vast, vas | vb.anom.pret.sg | was, were, was | LRC |
| vásum, vásuþ, vásu | vb.anom.pret.pl | were | LRC | |
| vesa, vera | vb.anom | to be, stay; happen, be done | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | vera | vb.anom | to be | ASD |
| Danish: | var | vb.anom.pret | was, were | TLL |
| varrende | vb.anom.pres.ptc | being | TLL | |
| vær | vb.anom.imp | be! | TLL | |
| være | vb.anom | to be | TLL | |
| vært | vb.anom.past.ptc | been | TLL | |
| Swedish: | var | vb.anom.imp | be! | TLL |
| var | vb.anom.pret.sg | was | TLL | |
| vara | vb.anom | to be | TLL | |
| varit | vb.anom.past.ptc | been | TLL | |
| voro | vb.anom.pret.pl | were | TLL | |
| værende | vb.anom.pres.ptc | being | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | was, wast, was | vb.anom.pret.sg | was, were, was | LRC |
| wēsu, wēsuts | vb.anom.pret.du | were | LRC | |
| wēsum, wēsuþ, wēsun | vb.anom.pret.pl | were | LRC | |
| wisan | vb.str.V | to be | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | astus | n.masc | craft, cleverness | W7 |
| astutus | adj | astute, adroit, clever | W7 | |
| Vesta | prop.n | Vesta | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | hues- | vb | to live | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | vahanam | n | house | AHD |
| Avestan: | vanghaiti | vb | to stay, dwell | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | vásati | vb | to live, dwell | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| 2 | = | 2nd person |
| 3 | = | 3rd person |
| V | = | class 5 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| anom | = | anomalous/indeclinable |
| du | = | dual (number) |
| imp | = | imperative (mood) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pres | = | present (tense) |
| pret | = | preterite (tense) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| subj | = | subjunctive (mood) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |