Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: 1. u̯es-   'to live, stay overnight'

Semantic Field(s): to Live, Dwell, to Stay, Wait, Remain

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
Celtic  
Old Irish: fe(i)ss vb to sleep LRC
English  
Old English: wǣren vb.anom.pret.pl.subj were (we/you/they) W7
wǣron vb.anom.pret.pl (we/you/they) were W7
wæs, wǣre, wæs vb.anom.pret.sg was, were, was W7
was vb.anom.pret.1/3.sg (I/he) was W7
wes vb.anom.2.sg.imp be! TLL
wesan vb.anom to be LRC
Middle English: was vb.anom.pret.1/3.sg (I/he) was W7
were vb.anom.pret.2.sg (thou) were W7
weren vb.anom.pret.pl (we/you/they) were W7
English: astute adj shrewd, wily, sagacious AHD/W7
divan n hall, court, council chamber AHD/CDC
Vesta prop.n [asteroid named for] virgin hearth/fire goddess (Roman mythology) AHD/W7
was vb.anom.pret.1/3.sg [suppletive form of] be AHD/W7
wassail n (early English toast to) good health AHD/W7
were vb.anom.pret.2.sg [suppletive form of] be AHD/W7
were vb.anom.pret.pl [suppletive form of] be AHD/W7
West Germanic  
Old Frisian: wesa vb.anom to be ASD
Middle Dutch: wesen vb.anom to be LRC
Dutch: geweest vb.anom.past.ptc been TLL
waren vb.anom.pret.pl were TLL
was vb.anom.pret.sg was, were TLL
wezen vb.anom to be LRC
Old Saxon: wesan vb.anom to be ASD
Old High German: wesan vb.anom to be ASD
German: gewesen vb.anom.past.ptc been TLL
während prep during TLL
war, warst, war vb.anom.pret.sg was, were, was LRC
waren, wart, waren vb.anom.pret.pl were LRC
North Germanic  
Old Norse: vas, vast, vas vb.anom.pret.sg was, were, was LRC
vásum, vásuþ, vásu vb.anom.pret.pl were LRC
vesa, vera vb.anom to be, stay; happen, be done LRC
Icelandic: vera vb.anom to be ASD
Danish: var vb.anom.pret was, were TLL
varrende vb.anom.pres.ptc being TLL
vær vb.anom.imp be! TLL
være vb.anom to be TLL
vært vb.anom.past.ptc been TLL
Swedish: var vb.anom.imp be! TLL
var vb.anom.pret.sg was TLL
vara vb.anom to be TLL
varit vb.anom.past.ptc been TLL
voro vb.anom.pret.pl were TLL
værende vb.anom.pres.ptc being TLL
East Germanic  
Gothic: was, wast, was vb.anom.pret.sg was, were, was LRC
wēsu, wēsuts vb.anom.pret.du were LRC
wēsum, wēsuþ, wēsun vb.anom.pret.pl were LRC
wisan vb.str.V to be LRC
Italic  
Latin: astus n.masc craft, cleverness W7
astutus adj astute, adroit, clever W7
Vesta prop.n Vesta W7
Anatolian  
Hittite: hues- vb to live LRC
Iranian  
Old Persian: vahanam n house AHD
Avestan: vanghaiti vb to stay, dwell LRC
Indic  
Sanskrit: vásati vb to live, dwell W7

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
1=1st person
2=2nd person
3=3rd person
V=class 5
adj=adjective
anom=anomalous/indeclinable
du=dual (number)
imp=imperative (mood)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
past=past (tense)
pl=plural (number)
prep=preposition
pres=present (tense)
pret=preterite (tense)
prop=proper
ptc=participle
sg=singular (number)
str=strong (inflection)
subj=subjunctive (mood)
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC=W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
TLL=Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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