Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯esperos, u̯ekeros 'vesper, evening'
Semantic Field(s): Evening
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | west | adj/adv | west, westerly | W7 |
| westan | adv | westward, from the west | ASD | |
| Middle English: | vesper | n | vesper, evening | W7 |
| west | adv/adj | west(ern) | W7 | |
| westerne | adj | western | W7 | |
| English: | Hesperian | prop.adj | re: where Sun sets, lit. of the west | LRC |
| Hesperides | prop.n | nymphs tending blissful garden in distant west (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| Hesperus | prop.n | (evening star named for) son of dawn goddess Eos (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| pipistrelle | n | small insectivorous bat | AHD | |
| vesper | n | evening (star) | AHD/W7 | |
| vespers | n.pl | evening religious rites | LRC | |
| vespertilionid | n | insectivorous bat | AHD | |
| Visigoth | prop.n | western Goth | LRC | |
| west | adv/adj | westward; re: the west | AHD/W7 | |
| west | n | general direction of sunset | W7 | |
| Westemnet | prop.n | western Rohan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| westerly | adj/adv | to/from the west | AHD/W7 | |
| western | adj | re: region toward setting sun | AHD/W7 | |
| Westernesse | prop.n | land a.k.a. Númenor in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Westfarthing | prop.n | Shire quadrant in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Westfold | prop.n | Rohan district in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| westmansweed | n | pipe-weed in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Westmarch | prop.n | Shire district in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Westron | prop.n | language a.k.a. Common Speech in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| westward | adv | to/toward the west | ||
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | westen | n | west | TLL |
| Old High German: | westar | adv | west | W7 |
| westrōni | adj | western | W7 | |
| German: | Westen | n.masc | west | LRC |
| westlich | adj | western | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | vestr | n.neut | the west | LRC |
| Icelandic: | vestari | adj | western, westerly | ASD |
| Danish: | vest | n | west | TLL |
| Swedish: | väster | adj | west | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | Hesperia | prop.n.fem | the west | W7 |
| Hesperides | prop.n.fem.pl | the Hesperides | W7 | |
| Hesperus | prop.n.masc | Hesperus | W7 | |
| vesper | n.masc | vesper | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | Visigothi | prop.n.masc.pl | the Visigoths | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἑσπέριος | adj/adv | west(ern), re: evening | W7 |
| ἕσπερος | adj/n.masc | evening; vesper | LRC | |
| Greek: | Hesperia | prop.n.fem | the Evening | W7 |
| Hesperos | prop.n.masc | Hesperus | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
