Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯idhu- 'tree, wood'
Semantic Field(s): Tree, Oak, Wood, Timber
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | fid | n | tree | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | gār-wudu | n.masc | javelin, lit. spear-wood | ASD |
| wudu, wi(o)du | n.masc | wood | ASD | |
| wudu-wāsa | n.masc | woodwose | ASD | |
| Middle English: | wode | n | wood | W7 |
| woodwose | n | woodwose | OED | |
| English: | Chetwood | prop.n | Bree woods in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| Entwood | prop.n | a.k.a. Fangorn Forest in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Firienwood | prop.n | White Mountains forest in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Greenwood | prop.n | Mirkwood's former name in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Mirkwood | prop.n | gloomy forest in Tolkien: The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| silva | n | forest trees | W7 | |
| silvan, sylvan | adj | in woods/forest, re: silva | W7 | |
| Watchwood | prop.n | vigilant forest in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| wood | n | material from tree; forest, dense growth of trees | AHD/W7 | |
| Woodhall | prop.n | Shire village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Woodland | prop.n | Sylvan Elves' realm in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Woodmen | prop.n.pl | Mirkwood dwellers in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| woodwose | n | faun, satyr; wild woodsman | OED | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | witu | n.masc | wood | ASD/W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | viðr | n.masc | wood, beam; tree, forest | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | Myrk-viðr | prop.n.masc | east Europe forest, lit. Murk-wood | LRC |
| Icelandic: | viðr | n.masc | wood, tree | ASD |
| Swedish: | ved | n | wood | TLL |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | silva | n.fem | wood, grove, forest, silva | CLD/IEW |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
