Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯l̥ku̯os 'wolf, lobo'
Semantic Field(s): Wolf
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | Bēowulf | prop.n.masc | Bear, lit. bee-wolf | LRC |
| here-wulf | n.masc | warrior, lit. war-wolf | ASD | |
| werwulf | n.masc | werewolf, lit. man-wolf | LRC | |
| wulf | n.masc | wolf | W7 | |
| Wulfred | prop.n.masc | Wulfred | LRC | |
| Middle English: | lupine | n | lupine | W7 |
| werewolf | n | werewolf | W7 | |
| wolf | n | wolf | W7 | |
| English: | aardwolf | n | carrion-eating SE African mammal | AHD/W7 |
| alyssum | n | Old World herb in mustard family | AHD/W7 | |
| Gárulf | prop.n | Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| lobo | n | wolf | AHD/W7 | |
| lupine | adj | wolfish | AHD/W7 | |
| lupine | n | leguminous herb | AHD/W7 | |
| lupus | n | disease involving skin lesions | AHD/W7 | |
| lycanthrope | n | person believing self to be wolf | AHD/W7 | |
| Lycia | prop.n | ancient SW Anatolian country | AHD | |
| lytta | n | fibrous/cartilaginous rod in carnivorous mammal's tongue | AHD/W7 | |
| robalo | n | snook, tropical marine food fish | AHD | |
| Ulfilas | prop.n | Gothic Bible translator | LRC | |
| werewolf | n | lycanthrope, lit. man-wolf | AHD/W7 | |
| Wolf | prop.n | huge dog in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| wolf | n | large canine mammal | AHD/W7 | |
| wolfram | n | tungsten | AHD/W7 | |
| wolframite | n | tungsten ore | W7 | |
| Wolf-rider | prop.n | ally of Saruman in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Wulf | prop.n | Rohan enemy in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | wolf | n | wolf | TLL |
| Afrikaans: | aardwolf | n | aardwolf | W7 |
| Old Saxon: | wulf | n.masc | wolf | ASD |
| Old High German: | werwolf | n | werewolf | W7 |
| wolf | n.masc | wolf | ASD/W7 | |
| German: | Werwolf | n.masc | werewolf | LRC |
| Wolf | n.masc | wolf | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | ulfa-hamr | n.masc | wolf-hame | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | ulfr | n | wolf | LRC |
| Icelandic: | ulfr | n.masc | wolf | ASD |
| Danish: | ulv | n | wolf | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | Wulfila | prop.n.dim | Ulfilas, lit. little wolf | LRC |
| wulfs | n.masc | wolf | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | alysson | n | (kind of) madder | AHD |
| lupinus, lupinum | n.masc/neut | lupin | W7 | |
| lupinus | adj | wolfish | W7 | |
| lupus | n.masc | wolf | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | lupus | n.masc | wolf; the disease lupus | W7 |
| New Latin: | alyssum | n.neut | alyssum | W7 |
| lycanthropus | n.masc | werewolf, lycanthrope | W7 | |
| Spanish: | lobo | n.masc | wolf | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | vílkas | n | wolf | LRC |
| Latvian: | vìlks | n | wolf | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | vlŭkŭ | n | wolf | LRC |
| Russian: | volčlca | n | wolf | LRC |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | ujk | n | wolf | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἀλύσσω | vb | to be frenzied | LRC |
| Λῠκία | prop.n.fem | Lycia (land of wolf-people) | LS | |
| λύκος | n.masc | wolf | LRC | |
| λύσσα | n.fem | (martial) rage | LRC | |
| Greek: | alysson | n.neut | plant thought to cure rabies | W7 |
| alyssos | adj | curing rabies | W7 | |
| lykanthrōpos | n.masc | werewolf, lit. wolf-man | W7 | |
| Λύκιος | n.masc | Lycius | LRC | |
| lyssa | n | rabies | W7 | |
| lytta | n.fem | rabies, madness | W7 | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | lukka | n | (land of) wolf-people | LRC |
| ulippana | n | wolf | LRC | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | gayl | n | wolf | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | vəhrko | n | wolf | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | vŕ̥kas | n | wolf | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
